Bioactive Peptides Applications for Improving Nutrition and Health 1st Edition by Richard Owusu Apenten 1439813620 9781439813621

Bioactive Peptides Applications for Improving Nutrition and Health 1st Edition by Richard Owusu Apenten – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 1439813620, 9781439813621

Full download Bioactive Peptides Applications for Improving Nutrition and Health 1st Edition after payment

Product details:

ISBN 10: 1439813620 

ISBN 13: 9781439813621

Author: Richard Owusu-Apenten

Bioactive peptides are used to enhance the body’s antioxidant status, antisepsis capacity, immune function, anti-inflammatory capacity, mineral absorption, and appetite. They can also mitigate major metabolic derangements arising from chronic illnesses which result in unwanted weight loss. Presenting data from human studies, clinical trials, and recent research findings, this work summarizes the applications and benefits of this therapy. The book covers host response, quality factors, protein economics, and muscle loss. It includes case studies on aging, AIDS, COPD, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, kidney failure, and tuberculosis.

Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Nutrition and the Host Response to Infection and Injury
1.1 Nutrition and Illness
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Infection and Undernutrition
1.1.3 Nutritional Status and Immune Function
1.1.4 The Undernutrition-Infection Paradigm
1.2 Host Response to Injury
1.2.1 The Ebb and Flow Phases
1.2.2 Molecular Aspects of the Host Response to Injury
1.2.3 The Infection-Inflammatory Response
1.2.4 Neuroendocrine Responses to Illness and Stress
1.3 Unintended Weight Loss
1.3.1 Sickness-Related Weight Loss
1.3.2 Illness Anorexia
1.3.3 Cachexia
1.3.4 Starvation Weight Loss versus Cachexia
1.3.5 Fat-Free Mass and Body Composition during Illness
1.3.6 Weight Loss and Mortality Risk
1.3.7 Premature or Preterm Infants
1.4 Multimodal Nutritional Support Using Bioactive Peptides
1.4.1 Nutritional Support
1.4.2 Anti-Inflammatory Therapy and Wasting
1.4.3 Infection and Antisepsis
1.4.4 Anabolic Dysfunction
1.4.5 Anorexia and Food Intake
1.4.6 Antioxidant Capacity
1.5 Summary and Conclusions
References

Chapter 2 Bioactive Peptides for Nutrition and Health
2.1 Legislation
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Dietary Supplements
2.1.3 Foods for Special Medical Purposes
2.1.4 Medical Foods
2.1.5 EU Legislation for Dietetic Foods
2.1.6 Functional Foods
2.1.7 Protein and Peptide Medical Foods
2.2 Bioactive Peptides and Proteins
2.2.1 Bioactive Compounds
2.2.2 Bioactive Peptide-Related Nutritional Phenomena
2.2.2.1 Bioactive Peptides in Body Compartments
2.2.2.2 Exogenous Bioactive Peptides Associated with Foods
2.2.3 Gene-Encoded Bioactive Peptides
2.2.4 Bioactive Peptides and the Cryptome
2.2.5 Commercial Bioactive Peptides
2.2.6 Nutrigenomics Considerations
2.3 Applications of Protein Supplements for Health
2.3.1 Heterogeneous versus Enriched Supplements
2.3.2 Bone and Hip Fractures
2.3.3 Elderly Malnourished Patients
2.3.4 Pregnancy
2.3.5 Muscle Strength from Resistance Exercise
2.3.6 Insulin-Stimulating Activity
2.3.7 Protein Supplementation and Cardiovascular Health
2.4 Perspectives on Human Trial Data
2.4.1 Statistical Effects
2.4.2 Health Claims for Foods and Supplements
2.4.3 Safety and Side Effects of Bioactive Peptides and Proteins
2.5 Summary and Conclusions
Appendices
References

Chapter 3 Dietary Protein Requirements for Health
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Protein-Energy Undernutrition
3.1.2 Detection of Protein-Energy Undernutrition
3.1.3 Incidence and Consequences of Undernutrition
3.2 Dietary Protein Quality Relation to Health
3.2.1 Protein Quality and Nutritive Properties
3.2.2 Growth Assays for Dietary Protein Quality
3.2.3 Nitrogen Balance and Protein Quality
3.2.4 Dietary Protein Digestibility Relation to Nitrogen Balance
3.2.5 Ileal Digestibility and Net Postprandial Protein Utilization
3.2.6 Dietary and Body Protein Balances and Transformations
3.3 Protein Requirements and Health
3.3.1 Adults
3.3.2 Protein Requirements for Aging Adults (Elderly)
3.3.3 Protein Requirements for Exercise
3.3.4 Preterm Infants and Children
3.4 Dietary Protein and Host Responses to Illness
3.4.1 Urea-Nitrogen Losses during Illness
3.4.2 Acute Phase Protein Synthesis
3.4.3 Protein EAA Imbalances during Illness
3.5 Peptides and Protein Bioactivity
3.5.1 Essential Amino Acid and Dietary Protein Meta-Nutrients
3.5.2 Leucine and the Branched Chain Amino Acids
3.5.3 Nutrient Signaling and Gene Interactions
3.5.4 Receptor Activation by Bioactive Peptides
3.5.5 Amino Acid Deprivation and Growth Retardation
3.5.6 Increased EAA Availability and Gene Expression
3.5.7 Microarray Profiling of Dietary Protein-Gene Interactions
3.6 Types of Dietary Protein Health Effects
3.6.1 Types of Health Benefits
3.6.2 Health Benefits and Non-Absorbed Proteins
3.7 Summary and Conclusion
Appendices
References

Chapter 4 Protein Turnover and Economics within the Body
4.1 Protein Turnover and Wasting
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Biological Purpose of Protein Turnover
4.1.3 Stable Isotope End Product and Precursor Flux
4.1.4 Non-Tracer Methods for Estimation of Turnover
4.1.5 Protein Turnover Implications for Nutritional Support
4.2 Baseline Whole Body Protein Turnover
4.2.1 Adults
4.2.2 Gender and Pregnancy
4.3 Regional Protein Turnover
4.3.1 Splanchnic Bed Protein Kinetics
4.3.2 First-Pass Metabolism of Dietary EAA and Interorgan Effects
4.4 Protein Turnover during Illness
4.4.1 Preterm Babies and Children
4.4.2 Aging Adults and Sarcopenia
4.4.3 HIV/AIDS Infection
4.4.4 Burns Patients
4.4.5 Cancer Cachexia
4.4.6 Chronic Renal Failure and Hemodialysis
4.4.7 Diabetes
4.4.8 Sepsis
4.4.9 Tuberculosis
4.4.10 Anabolic Dysfunction Affecting Protein Turnover
4.5 Nutrients and Protein Turnover
4.5.1 Dietary Protein Intake and Whole Body Protein Turnover
4.5.2 Skeletal Muscle Protein Turnover
4.5.2.1 Animal Studies
4.5.2.2 Effect of Nutrients on Skeletal Muscle Protein Turnover—Human Studies
4.6 Slow and Fast Proteins
4.6.1 Digestion and Absorption Kinetics
4.6.2 Effect of Fast Dietary Proteins on Protein Turnover
4.6.3 Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Contributions to Fast and Slow Proteins
4.6.4 Fast versus Slow Proteins for the Elderly and Young
4.6.5 Insulinotropic Action of Fast Proteins
4.7 Summary and Conclusions
References

Chapter 5 Major Processes for Muscle Gain and Loss
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Muscle Cells
5.1.2 Muscle Stem Cell Proliferation
5.1.3 Muscle Stem Cell Differentiation
5.1.4 Nutrient Effects on Muscle Stem Cell Growth
5.2 Myostatin
5.2.1 Double Muscling and Myostatin Mutations
5.2.2 Myostatin Structure and Activity
5.2.3 Mode of Action of Myostatin
5.2.4 Myostatin Role in Wasting Diseases
5.2.5 Myostatin Inhibition as Therapy for Muscle Wasting
5.3 Muscle Cell Death and Atrophy
5.3.1 Types of Cell Death
5.3.2 Muscle Apoptosis and Necrosis
5.3.3 Skeletal Muscle Wasting via Apoptosis
5.3.4 Lysosome-Mediated Autophagy
5.4 Proteolysis via Ubiquitin Proteasome
5.4.1 Enzyme Systems for Muscle Wasting
5.4.2 Structure of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome
5.4.3 Ubiquitin Proteasome and Muscle Wasting
5.4.4 Cell Cycle Regulation and the Proteasome
5.4.5 UPS and the Immune Response
5.5 Further Signaling Pathways for Muscle Atrophy
5.5.1 Skeletal Muscle Differentiation Program
5.5.2 Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta and Muscle Wasting
5.5.3 MuRF and Atrogin-1 Gene Expression
5.5.4 AKT/Foxo/Atrogin-1 Pathway and Proteolysis
5.5.5 Oxidative Stress and Muscle Wasting
5.5.6 Angiotensin-Related Muscle Wasting
5.6 Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and Hypertrophy
5.6.1 mTOR Function as a Nutrient Sensor
5.6.2 Two mTOR Complexes and Their Function
5.6.3 Regulation of Protein Synthesis by mTOR
5.7 Summary and Conclusions
Appendices
Appendices 5.A.1 Details of MTOR Signaling
Appendix 5.A.2 Anabolic and Catabolic Signaling in Muscle
References

Chapter 6 Inflammation and Innate Immune Response
6.1 Types of Inflammation
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Acute and Chronic Inflammation
6.1.3 Infection Inflammation
6.1.4 Obesity-Related Inflammation
6.1.5 Chronic Inflammation, Illness, and Lifestyle Factors
6.2 Proinflammatory Signaling
6.2.1 Proinflammatory Cytokines
6.2.2 Transcription Factors for Inflammatory Signaling
6.2.3 Redox-Sensitive Inflammatory Transcription Factors
6.2.4 MAP Kinases, Phosphatases, and Inflammation
6.2.5 Renin-Angiotensin System and Inflammation
6.3 Anti-Inflammatory Bioactive Peptides and Supplements
6.3.1 Adiponectin
6.3.2 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Peptides
6.3.3 Antimicrobial Peptide Endotoxin Antagonists
6.3.4 Cytokine Antibodies
6.3.5 Ghrelin and Growth Hormone Secretagogues
6.3.6 Glucocorticoid-Inducible Peptides
6.3.6.1 Lipocortin or Annexin-1
6.3.6.2 Uteroglobin or Clara Cell 10 Protein
6.3.6.3 Antiflammins
6.3.7 Map Kinase Inhibitors
6.3.8 Melanocortin Peptides and KPV
6.3.9 Glutamine and Glutamine Dipeptide
6.3.10 Food Proteins and Supplements
6.4 In Vivo Applications and Controlled Trials
6.4.1 Proof for Anti-Inflammatory Action
6.4.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Colitis, and Mucosal Injury
6.4.3 Systemic Inflammatory Response and Sepsis
6.4.4 Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Lung Injury and Related
6.4.5 Rheumatoid Arthritis
6.5 Summary and Conclusions
References

Chapter 7 Infection and Sepsis
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Bacterial Infections, Sepsis, and Weight Loss
7.1.2 Host Antimicrobial Peptides for Innate Defense
7.1.3 Antibiotics and Muscle Mass
7.2 Pathogen Recognition and Intracellular Signaling
7.2.1 Toll-Like Receptors
7.2.1.1 TLR in Peripheral Tissues and Muscles
7.2.1.2 Lipopolysaccharide Signaling via TLR4
7.2.1.3 Peptidoglycan Signaling via TLR2

7.2.1.4 Phagocytosis and TLR Function
7.2.2 NOD Intracellular Receptors for Pathogens
7.2.3 Toll Polymorphism and the Hygiene Hypothesis
7.3 Host Antimicrobial Peptides
7.3.1 General Properties
7.3.2 Defensins and Cathelicidins
7.3.2.1 Defensins
7.3.2.2 Cathelicidin or hCAP18
7.3.3 Dermaseptins and Frog Peptides
7.3.4 Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein
7.3.5 Lactoferrin, Lactoferricin, and Talactoferrin
7.4 Functions of Antimicrobial Peptides
7.4.1 Antibacterial Activity
7.4.2 Anticancer Activity of AMPs
7.5 In Vivo Applications and Human-Trials of AMPs
7.5.1 General Considerations
7.5.2 Burns Injury, Wound Healing
7.5.3 Cancer Therapy
7.5.4 Infant Diarrhea
7.5.5 Helicobacter pylori-Related Ulcers
7.5.6 Hepatitis C Treatment
7.5.7 Oral Mucositis
7.5.8 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
7.5.9 Sepsis and Endotoxemia
7.6 Summary and Conclusions
Appendices
References
Chapter 8 Anabolic Dysfunction
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Anabolic-Catabolic Imbalance
8.1.2 Anabolic Dysfunction Allied to Nutrient and Hormone Resistance
8.1.3 Protein Synthesis and Breakdown during Illness
8.2 Insulin and Muscle Protein Metabolism
8.2.1 Insulin Signaling
8.2.2 Insulin Resistance of Glucose Metabolism
8.2.3 Insulin Resistance of Muscle Protein Metabolism
8.2.4 Insulinotropic Bioactive Peptides
8.3 Growth Hormone and IGF-1
8.3.1 Properties of Growth Hormone and IGF-1
8.3.2 Growth Hormone Receptor Signal Transduction
8.3.3 Biological Effects of Growth Hormone/IGF-1 Axis
8.3.4 Growth Hormone Resistance
8.4 Growth Hormone Secretagogues
8.4.1 Growth Hormone Release Peptides
8.4.2 Hexarelin and Alexamorelin
8.4.3 Ghrelin
8.5 Leucine, BCAA, and Related Peptides
8.5.1 Essential Amino Acids as Anabolic Agents
8.5.2 The Branched-Chain Amino Acids
8.5.3 Leucine
8.5.4 Whey Protein and Peptides
8.6 In Vivo Applications and Clinical Trials
8.6.1 Short Bowel Syndrome
8.6.2 HIV Patients
8.6.3 Chronic Renal Failure
8.6.4 Critical Illness and Sepsis
8.6.5 Cancer Cachexia and Muscle Wasting
8.6.6 Liver Disease
8.6.7 Adverse Effects and Safety Concerns
References
Chapter 9 Bioactive Peptides for Alleviating Illness Anorexia
9.1 Illness Anorexia
9.1.1 Models for the Regulation of Food Intake
9.1.2 Bioactive Peptides and Energy Homeostasis
9.1.3 Anorectic Bioactive Peptides
9.1.4 Serotonin
9.1.5 Cytokines and Food Intake
9.2 Leptin and Food Intake
9.2.1 Characteristics of Leptin Receptor Signaling
9.2.2 Leptin Regulation of Food Intake
9.2.3 Leptin Resistance during Obesity
9.2.4 Leptin Role in Illness Anorexia
9.3 Melanocortin Peptides
9.3.1 Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
9.3.2 Melanocortin Networks to Leptin and Serotonin Signaling
9.3.3 Melanocortin Receptors
9.3.4 Peptide Agonists and Antagonists for Melanocortin Receptors
9.4 Ghrelin
9.4.1 Characteristics of Ghrelin
9.4.2 The Ghrelin Receptor
9.4.3 Factors Affecting Ghrelin Release
9.4.3.1 Ghrelin Circadian and Ultradian Rhythms
9.4.3.2 Food Intake
9.4.3.3 Macronutrient Composition
9.4.3.4 Hormones and Ghrelin Secretion
9.4.3.5 Ghrelin and Obesity
9.4.3.6 Fasting Weight Loss
9.4.3.7 Aging and Ghrelin Secretion
9.4.3.8 Cachexia
9.4.4 Exogenous Ghrelin and Food Intake
9.4.5 Mode of Ghrelin Orexigenic Action
9.5 Other Bioactive Peptides for Moderating Appetite
9.5.1 Agouti-Signaling Protein and AgRP
9.5.2 Neuropeptide Y
9.5.3 Serotonin Antagonists
9.5.4 Dietary Proteins and Satiety
9.6 In Vivo Studies and Controlled Trials
9.6.1 Cancer Anorexia
9.6.2 Pulmonary Obstructive Disease
9.6.3 Chronic Kidney Failure and Dialysis Patients
9.6.4 HIV Infection Anorexia
9.6.5 Melanocortin Antagonists for Anorexia Treatment
9.7 Summary and Conclusions

People also search:

bioactive peptides synthesis applications and associated challenges

examples of bioactive peptides

list of bioactive peptides

what are bioactive peptides

Tags: Richard Owusu Apenten, Bioactive, Peptides, Applications