Preterm Birth Mechanisms Mediators Prediction Prevention Interventions 1st Edition by Felice Petraglia, Jerome F Strauss, Gerson Weiss – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 0429074530, 9780429074530
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ISBN 10: 0429074530
ISBN 13: 9780429074530
Author: Felice Petraglia, Jerome F Strauss, Gerson Weiss
Preterm delivery is probably the most important problem in obstetrics, and a major public health concern. Recent developments – such as the preventive use of progesterone, and new data on possible mechanisms of initiation of parturition – have placed the topic at the forefront of the interests and preoccupation of many in maternal-fetal medicine an
Preterm Birth Mechanisms Mediators Prediction Prevention Interventions 1st Table of contents:
Section I Mechanisms
1 Myometrial programming: a new concept underlying the regulation of myometrial function during pregnancy
Introduction
The Problem: Preterm Labor
Studies of the Initiation of Labor
Myometrial Proliferative Phenotype
Transition to the Synthetic Phenotype
Myometrial Synthetic Phenotype
Transition to the Contractile Phenotype
Labor Phase
Role of Progesterone in the Transition to Contractile And Laboring Phenotypes
A New Model for the Regulation of Myometrial Function During Pregnancy And Labor
References
2 Cervical function during pregnancy and parturition
Cervical Function During Pregnancy, Parturition, and the Puerperium
Cervical Softening and Maintenance of Pregnancy
Process of Cervical Ripening, Effacement, and Dilation
Collagen Degradation During Cervical Ripening
Spatial and Temporal Regulation of S100A9 (Calgranulin B) in the Pregnant Uterus
Effect of Prostaglandins On the Cervix
Prostaglandin Synthesis and Cervical Ripening
Oxytocin Receptor Gene Expression in Human Cervix During Pregnancy
Role of Progesterone in the Maintenance of Cervical Competency During Pregnancy
Effect of antiprogestins on cervical ripening
Progesterone receptor isoforms and progesterone metabolism
Analysis of expression of progesterone receptor-responsive genes in cervical tissues as an index of progesterone receptor functional activity
Regulation of Progesterone Receptor Function: Transforming Growth Factor (Tgf) β
Transforming Growth Factor (Tgf) β-Regulated Genes Are Increased Significantly in the Human Cervix During Cervical Ripening
Model of Cervical Function During Pregnancy
Summary and Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
3 Endocrine and paracrine mechanisms in human placenta and fetal membranes in preterm birth
Introduction
Vasoactive Peptides
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Expression and localization
Receptors and biological effects
Levels in biological fluids
Neurokinin B (NKB)
Expression and localization
Receptors and biological effects
Levels in biological fluids
Growth Factors
Activin A
Expression and localization
Receptor binding proteins and biological effects
Levels in biological fluids
Neuropeptides
Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and related peptides
Expression and localization
Receptors and biological effects
Levels in biological fluids
Conclusions
References
4 Stress and the pathophysiology of human birth
Link Between the Placenta and the Stress Response
A Paradoxical Relationship Between Placental Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone (Crh) Production and Cortisol
Changing Concentrations of Maternal Plasma Corticotrophin- Releasing Hormone (Crh) and the Timing of Birth
Controversies in the Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone (Crh) Literature
Evolution of Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone (Crh) Involvement in the Timing of Birth
Potential Pathways By Which Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone (Crh) May Mediate Parturition
Determining Cause and Effect Relationships in Human Labor
References
Section II Mediators
5 Undernutrition, preterm birth, and the prostaglandin pathway
Introduction
Preterm Birth and Programming
Undernutrition (Un) and Preterm Birth
Role of Prostaglandins
Progesterone Withdrawal and Human Labor
Matrix Metalloproteinases (Mmp)
Acknowledgments
References
6 Gene redundancy in parturition: lessons for tocolysis?
Introduction
What Is Redundancy?
Transgenic Mice, Prostaglandins, and Oxytocin
Oxytocin
Prostaglandins
Oxytocin, prostaglandins, and redundancy
Co-regulation of parturition networks and compensation
Pharmacological Manipulations
Robustness and Perturbation of the System
References
7 Regulation of inflammatory response pathways during pregnancy and labor
Labor and the Inflammatory Response
Progesterone Maintains Uterine Quiescence Throughout Pregnancy
Fetal Lung Secretes A Signal for the Initiation of Labor
Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) Expression in Myometrium Is Increased By Inflammatory Cytokines Through Nuclear Factor Kb (Nf-Kb) and Inhibited By Progesterone Acting Through Its Nuclear Receptor
Progesterone Receptor (Pr) Function in Fundal Myometrium At Term Is Compromised By Upregulation of the Truncated Pr-C Isoform
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
8 Matrix biology and preterm birth
Extracellular Matrix (Ecm) Composition
Extracellular Matrix (Ecm) Biology
Collagens
Proteoglycans (PG) and glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
Elastin
Post-translational modifications of collagens and elastin
Fibronectins, thrombospondins (TSP), and tenascins
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)
Uterine Cervix
Clinical Correlates
Biomechanics of the cervix
Insights From Animal Studies
Insights From Human Studies
Recent Provocative Studies
Transcript Profiling Studies
Fetal Membranes
Normal Processes of Membrane Rupture At Term
Premature Rupture of the Membranes: Definitions and Diagnosis
Definitions
Diagnostic evaluation
Histology
Pathology of the Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes
Summary
References
9 Nitric oxide
Introduction
Nitric Oxide (No) in the Inhibition of Preterm Labor
Preliminary study showing use of NO donors as tocolytic agents
Inhibitory effects of NO donors on myometrial contractility in vitro
Animal studies on the change in endogenous NO synthase activity during pregnancy
Animal studies on the effect of nitric oxide (NO) inhibition on pregnancy length
Role of Nitric Oxide (No) in the Maintenance of Human Pregnancy
Contractility Experiments in Human Myometrium
Nitric Oxide (No) and the Cervix
Role of NO in the physiology of cervical ripening
Use of NO donors to ripen the cervix in the first trimester
Clinical use of NO donors as cervical ripening agents in the third trimester
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
10 Relaxin-related preterm birth
Prematurity
Relaxin
Relaxin and Preterm Birth
Relaxin’S Effects On Term Pregnancy Human Cervix in Vitro
A Rhesus Monkey Model of Relaxin’S Pregnancy Effects
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Section III Methods of Prediction and Prevention
11 Biochemical markers of preterm delivery
Introduction
Pathogenesis of Preterm Delivery (Ptd)
Final common pathway
Premature activation of the fetal HPA axis
Decidual-Amnion-Chorion Inflammation
Decidual hemorrhage (abruption)-associated PTD
Multifetal Gestations and Stretching of the Myometrium, Cervix and Fetal Membranes
Biochemical Markers of Preterm Delivery (Ptd)
Markers of maternal and/or fetal stress/premature fetal HPA axis activation
CRH
Estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3)
Markers of uteroplacental insufficiency including maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Markers of inflammation and infection
Microbiological markers
Cytokine markers
Non-specific markers of inflammation
Markers of decidual hemorrhage/abruption
Markers of uterine distention
Markers of the final common pathway
FFN
Cervicovaginal prolactin
Cervicovaginal IGFBP-1
Multiple marker testing
Summary
References
12 Biophysical methods of prediction and prevention of preterm labor: uterine electromyography and cervical light-induced fluorescence – new obstetrical diagnostic techniques
Introduction
Preparatory phase to labor
Labor
Uterus
Cervix
Uterine electromyography (EMG)
Cervical light-induced fluorescence (LIF)
Benefits of Diagnosis
What’S Out There Now – the Current Status of Parturition Monitoring
Uterine Electromyography (Emg) and Cervical Light-Induced Fluorescence (Lif) Studies – An Overview
Uterine EMG
Cervical LIF
Recent Pilot Experiments
Uterine EMG
Cervical LIF
Uterine EMG and cervical LIF combined
Conclusions
References
13 Genetics of preterm delivery
Introduction
Preterm Labor As A Polygenic, Multifactorial Condition
Genetic Analyses
Recurrent Preterm Delivery (Ptd)
Racial Differences
Candidate Genes
Population Studies
Gene Mapping
Implications
Acknowledgments
References
Section IV Current Status of Interventions
14 Calcium-channel blockers and betamimetics
Introduction
Tocolysis
Calcium-Channel Blockers (Ccb)
Betamimetics
β3-Adrenoceptor (β3-Ar) Agonists
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15 Prostaglandins, oxytocin, and antagonists
Introduction
Eicosanoid Hormones
Prostaglandins (Pg) and Parturition
Use of Prostaglandin (Pg) Synthesis Inhibitors
COX-2 inhibitors
Is the inhibition of PG synthesis the best strategy to stop labor?
Other approaches
Infection, Inflammation, and Preterm Labor
Oxytocin (Ot) and Related Peptides
Is OT involved in human parturition?
OTR signaling
OTR desensitization, internalization and downregulation
Clathrin-mediated pathway
Development of Oxytocin Receptor (Otr) Antagonists
Search for the Ideal Tocolytic Agent
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
16 Progestational agents and labor
References
17 Antenatal corticosteroid treatment
Introduction
History
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (Hpa) Axis
Single-Course Treatment
Effectiveness
Repeated Treatments
Possible harm from repeated antenatal corticosteroids
Birthweight
Head and brain growth
Effects on neurological development
Lung development
Glucose metabolism
Blood pressure
HPA axis function
Potential benefits of repeated courses
Effects of Obstetric Complications
Infection
Fetal growth restriction
Multiple pregnancy
Improving the Effectiveness of Antenatal Corticosteroids
Route of administration
Alternative preparations
Recommendations
References
18 Monitoring the growth-restricted fetus during the preterm period
Introduction
Rank Order of Changes Occurring With Progressive Deterioration of the Fetal Condition
Doppler Waveform Patterns
Fetal Heart Rate (Fhr)
Amniotic Fluid Volume
Fetal Behavior and Movements
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Tags: Felice Petraglia, Jerome F Strauss, Gerson Weiss, Preterm, Mechanisms