Image Guided Radiation Therapy of Prostate Cancer 1st Edition by Valicenti Richard, Adam Dicker, David Jaffray 1420060783 9781420060782

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ISBN 10: 1420060783
ISBN 13: 9781420060782
Author: K. Valicenti Richard, Adam P. Dicker, David A. Jaffray

Answering the need that exists for a single reference to address the practical issues of implementing Image-guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) into prostate cancer treatment, Image-guided Radiation Therapy of Prostate Cancer provides clinicians with a solid understanding of this technology and, through in-depth illustrations and step-by-step guideline

Image Guided Radiation Therapy of Prostate Cancer 1st Table of contents:

1 Prostate Cancer: Overview and Treatment Guidelines for Image-Guided Radiation Therapy
Introduction
Summary of Dose-Escalation Studies
Technical Considerations in The Dose-Escalation Trials
The Definition of Target Volumes
Overview of Clinical Tumor Volume Definition in Prostate IGRT
Overview of PTV Definition in Prostate IGRT
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
2 The Use of Imaging Modalities in the Evaluation and Treatment of Prostate Cancer
Introduction
Risk Stratification Models for Prostate Cancer
Imaging for The Detection and Staging of Prostate Cancer
Transrectal Ultrasound
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Anatomic Imaging and Radiotherapy Treatment Planning
Functional Imaging
Endorectal Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging
Positron Emission Tomography
SPECT and Radioimmunoscintigraphy
Radionuclide Bone Scintigraphy
Imaging and Pelvic Nodal Disease
Nanoparticle-Enhanced MRI for Pelvic Nodal Disease
SPECT Imaging for Lymph Node Disease
Image Registration and Fusion
Imaging in Posttreatment Follow-UP
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
3 Modeling Outcome After Prostate IGRT
Introduction
Tcp Models
General Considerations
Webb-Nahum-Tait TCP Model α
TCP Parameters for Prostate Carcinoma
Ntcp Models
General Considerations
Models
The Lyman-EUD model
The logit-EUD model
The relative seriality model
Determination of Model Parameters
Late Rectal Syndrome
Bladder and Genitourinary Injury
Potential Benefits From Igrt On Tcp and Ntcp
General Considerations
IGRT for a Safe Delivery of 3DCRT/IMRT at Conventional Doses
IGRT for Dose Escalation
IGRT for Hypofractionation
IGRT for Intraprostatic Subvolume Boosting
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
4 Advances in Imaging and Anatomical Considerations for Prostate Cancer Treatment Planning
Introduction
Limitation of Ct-Based Prostate Treatment Planning
Mri in Prostate Treatment Planning
Zonal Anatomy and Interface with Bladder and External Sphincter
The Prostatic Apex
The Base of the Prostate
Critical Adjacent Structures Visible On MRI
GUD and Corporal Bodies
Neurovascular Bundle and Plexus
Bladder and Rectum
Internal Pudendal Artery
Integration and Registration
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
5 Target and Organ Motion Considerations
Introduction
Targeting Error in Prostate Radiotherapy
Delineation Errors
Setup Error and Patient Immobilization
Inter- and Intrafractional Motion
Interfractional Prostate Motion
Intrafractional Prostate Motion
Icru Target Volume Definitions
Considerations for an Optimal Planning Volume
Population-Based Delivery
Adaptive Therapy
Issues of Real-Time Imaging, Evaluation, and Localization
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
6 Overview of Image-Guided Localization Modalities
Introduction
Surrogates of Prostate Motion
Introduction of Available Devices
Rectal Balloons
Radiographic Fiducials
Radiographic Fiducials–the CyberKnife System
Ultrasound Localization
CT on Rails
Onboard Volumetric Imaging
Electromagnetic Tracking Systems
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
7 Targeted Therapies for Localized Prostate Cancer: The Urologist’s Perspective
Introduction
Cryotherapy
History
First Generation
Second Generation
Third Generation
Tissue Destruction Physiology
Patient Selection
Follow-up After Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy as an Option for Recurrent Disease
Complications of Cryotherapy and Effect on Quality of Life
High-Intensity-Focused Ultrasound
History
Principles and Physiology of HIFU
Patient Selection
HIFU Outcomes
HIFU Complications and Effects on Quality of Life
Fiducial Markers–The Urologist’S Role in External Beam Radiation Therapy
Targeted Focal Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
8 The Use of Fiducial Markers for IGRT in Prostate Cancer: The Mayo Clinic Approach
Introduction
The Mayo Clinic Technique for Prostate Igrt
Optimizing Igrt Implementation in Prostate Cancer: Igrt Quality Control
Clinical Outcome With Intraprostatic Fiducials and Epid
Results of Simulation Analysis
Intrafraction Motion
Current Practice at Mayo Clinic
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9 IGRT in Prostate Cancer: Method and Application of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Introduction
Achieving Precision and Accuracy in Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Cbct Imaging
Cbct Systems and Issues
Image Quality
Integration with the Medical Linear Accelerator
Accuracy and Precision
Image-Guidance System
Dosimetry
Use of CBCT for Image-Guided Radiation Therapy of The Prostate
Online Guidance Models
Off-Line Guidance Models
Hybrid Models
Other Issues
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
10 IGRT in Prostate Cancer: Focus on BAT Ultrasound
Introduction
History of Daily Image Localization at Fox Chase Cancer Center
The Rationale for Image Guidance
The Fox Chase Technique for Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Igrt
Simulation
Daily Setup and Alignment
Fox Chase Pilot Studies with CT and Ultrasound Guidance
The Evolving Use of BAT IGRT versus Alternative Methods
The Use of BAT Ultrasound in Current Practice at Fox Chase Cancer Center
Optimizing Igrt Implementation in Prostate Cancer: Igrt Quality Control
Interfraction Daily Couch Shifts
Comparison with Other Localization Modalities
Interuser Variability
Intrafraction Prostate Motion Studies Using BAT
Reproducibility Over Time
The Effect of Ultrasound Probe Pressure on Prostate Motion
Clinical Outcome
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
11 Image-Guided Radiation Therapy in Prostate Cancer: William Beaumont Experience
Introduction
Adaptive Radiation Therapy: Basic Principles, Process Implementation, and Work Flow
Dose Escalation Using The Art Process
Development of The Cone-Beam-Based Igart At William Beaumont Hospital
Uncertainties in Clinical IGART Process
Uncertainties in Treatment Position Localization
Uncertainties in Couch or Beam Aperture Correction
Uncertainties in Determining Patient Variation Parameters
Uncertainties in Treatment Dose Construction and Evaluation
Uncertainties in Adaptive Planning Modification
QA Tests in Clinical Igart Process
QA Verification for Patient Treatment Position Assessment and Correction
QA Verification for Parameter Estimation and Treatment Dose Construction
QA Verification for Treatment Evaluation and Adaptive Planning
Clinical Experience With Igart
Online Image-Guided ART-IMRT
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
12 IGRT in Prostate Cancer—the Calypso 4D Localization System
Introduction
The Calypso System
Beacon Electromagnetic Transponders
4D Console
Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Array
Optical System
4D Tracking Station
Treatment Table Overlay
Technical Issues
Clinical Use of The Calypso System
Placement of Markers
Simulation
Treatment Planning
Patient Setup
Clinical Outcomes
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
13 Prostate Tomotherapy
Introduction
Equipment Description
Prostate Tomotherapy Workflow
IMRT Treatment Planning
IMRT Plan Verification
MVCT Localization Imaging
Fully Dynamic IMRT Treatment Delivery
Special Application Tools
Adaptive Radiotherapy: Plan Adaptive Tool
StatRT
Tomotherapy Igrt Quality Assurance
Prostate Tomotherapy: in The Clinic
Target Volume Delineation
Definitive Prostate
Postprostatectomy
Hip Prosthesis Artifact
Normal Tissue Integral Dose
Target Localization Technique: Daily MVCT Image Guidance
Interfraction Movement
Intrafraction Movement
Organ Deformation
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
14 Image Guidance in Postprostatectomy Radiation Therapy
Introduction
The Role of Postprostatectomy Radiation Therapy
Imaging Evaluation of Postprostatectomy Failures
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Radioimmunoscintigraphy
Positron Emission Tomography
Target Volume Definition
Clinicopathologic Principles for Target Volume Definition
Image-Guided Target Volume Definition
Interfraction Organ Motion and Planning Margin
Target Localization Techniques
Ultrasound
Computed Tomography
Fiducials with Electronic Portal Imaging
Optimizing Igrt Implementation
Clinical Outcome
Quality Control
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
15 The Use of Image Guidance in Prostate Brachytherapy
Introduction
Transrectal Ultrasound
Radiography and Computed Tomography (X Ray and Ct)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nuclear Imaging (Spect and Pet)
Image Guidance for Permanent Ldr Prostate Brachytherapy
Planning
Operative Technique
Intra-operative Events
Postoperative Events
Postplan Evaluation
Image Guidance for Temporary Hdr Prostate Brachytherapy
Image Guidance of Needles
Image Guidance of Dose
Image Guidance of Delivery
Impact of Image Guidance On Clinical Outcomes
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
16 Image-Guided Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: Targeting Pelvic Lymph Nodes
Introduction
Why Target Lymph Nodes?
How Common is Lymph Node Involvement in Men with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer?
Imaging and Lymph Node Metastasis From Prostate Cancer
Treatment of Patients With Pelvic Lymph Nodes: Evidence of Efficacy
Prophylactic Irradiation for Lymph Nodes
Evidence of Surgical Efficacy for Lymph Nodal Disease
Patients Selection for Wprt
Radiotherapy Techniques for The Treatment of Pelvic Lymph Nodes
Treatment Guidelines
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
17 Fractionation Schemes with IGRT for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
Introduction
Radiobiology
Dose and Fractionation
Normal Tissue Tolerance
Evidence From Clinical Trials
The Role of Clinical Studies
Hypofractionation–Case Series
Hypofractionation—Randomized Trials
Summary of Published Randomized Trials Using Hypofractionation
Ongoing Trials
Biologically Equivalent Dose
Indications and Contraindications To Hypofractionated Prostate Radiotherapy
Image-Guided Planning and Delivery
Technical Factors
Treatment Planning
Treatment Delivery
The Future
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
18 Image-Guided Proton Beam Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Introduction
Overview of Proton Therapy and Image Guidance
Recognizing Rectal Anatomy
Decreasing Dose To Normal Structures
Image Guidance for Proton Treatments
Action Level Threshold for Image Guidance
Pelvic Radiation and Proton Therapy
Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
19 The Testing of Prostate IGRT in Clinical Trials
History of Clinical Trials for Radiotherapy Technology
Issues of Clinical Trial Design for Prostate Igrt
Types of Clinical Trials
Systematic and Random Errors in Trial Design
Other Trial Issues
Current Clinical Trials Testing Image-Guidance Technology
Listings of Current Clinical Trials Testing Prostate IGRT
Practical Assessment of IGRT in Prostate Cancer
Assessment of Target Volumes for Prostate IGRT
Assessment of Treatment Planning Margins, Target Tracking, and Treatment Verification
Future Directions
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References
20 Future Developments I: Online Dosimetric Verification with Fiducial Dosimeter Planning and Verification
Introduction
History of in Vivo Dosimetry
Mosfet As A Patient Dosimeter
Structure and Operation
Supporting Electronics
Patient Dosimetry
In Vivo Usage
Dosimeter Placement
Characterization and Dependencies
Accuracy
Temperature Independence
Angular Variation
Dose and Energy Effects
Calibration Factors
The Use of Mosfet Dosimetry in Image- Guided Radiation Therapy
Qa Using Mosfet Dosimeters
Design and Operation of an in Situ Dosimeter System
Dosimeter Design
Telemetric Data Acquisition System
Dosimeter Calibration
Radiation Characteristics
Animal Studies of in Situ Dosimetry
Human Studies of in Situ Dosimetry
Practical Guidelines for Implementation of in Situ Dosimetry in The Clinic
Future Developments
Summary of Pertinent Conclusions
References

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Tags: Image Guided, Radiation Therapy, Prostate Cancer, Valicenti Richard, Adam Dicker, David Jaffray