Water Resources Engineering 2nd Edition by Larry Mays 0470460644 9780470460641
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ISBN 10: 0470460644
ISBN 13: 9780470460641
Author: Larry W. Mays
With a remarkable range and depth of coverage, Professor Mays; internationally recognised for his highly acclaimed textbooks and work in the field; presents a straight forward, easy to understand presentation of hydraulic and hydrologic processes using the control volume approach. These processes are then extended into practical applications for water use and water excess, including water distribution systems, stormwater control, and flood storage systems. Water Resources Engineering is a textbook that can be used for the first undergraduate courses in hydraulics, hydrology, or water resources engineering and for upper level undergraduate and graduate courses in water resources engineering design. This text is also intended as a reference for practicing hydraulic engineers, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, environmental engineers, and hydrologists.
Table of contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Background
The World’s Freshwater Resources
Water Use in the United States
Systems of Units
The Future of Water Resources
Chapter 2: Water Resources Sustainability
What is Water Resources Sustainability?
Definition of Water Resources Sustainability
The Dublin Principles
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Urbanization – A Reality of Our Changing World
Challenges to Water Resources Sustainability
Urbanization
Droughts and Floods
Climate Change
Consumption of Water – Virtual Water and Water Footprints
Surface Water System—The Colorado River Basin
The Basin
Groundwater Systems – The Edwards Aquifer, Texas
Water Budgets
What are Water Budgets?
Water Balance for Tucson, Arizona
Examples of Water Resources Unsustainability
Aral Sea
Mexico City
Chapter 3: Hydraulic Processes: Flow and Hydrostatic Forces
Principles
Properties Involving Mass or Weight of Water
Viscosity
Elasticity
Pressure and Pressure Variation
Surface Tension
Flow Visualization
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Discharge
Control Volume Approach for Hydrosystems
Continuity
Energy
Momentum
Pressure and Pressure Forces in Static Fluids
Hydrostatic Forces
Buoyancy
Velocity Distribution
Chapter 4: Hydraulic Processes: Pressurized Pipe Flow
Classification of Flow
Pressurized (Pipe) Flow
Energy Equation
Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines
Headlosses
Shear-Stress Distribution of Flow in Pipes
Velocity Distribution of Flow in Pipes
Headlosses from Pipe Friction
Form (Minor) Losses
Forces in Pipe Flow
Pipe Flow in Simple Networks
Series Pipe Systems
Parallel Pipe Systems
Branching Pipe Flow
Chapter 5: Hydraulic Processes: Open-Channel Flow
Steady Uniform Flow
Energy
Momentum
Best Hydraulic Sections for Uniform Flow in Nonerodible Channels
Slope-Area Method
Specific Energy, Momentum, and Specific Force
Specific Energy
Momentum
Specific Force
Steady, Gradually Varied Flow
Gradually Varied Flow Equations
Water Surface Profile Classification
Direct Step Method
Gradually Varied Flow for Natural Channels
Development of Equations
Energy Correction Factor
Application for Water Surface Profile
Rapidly Varied Flow
Discharge Measurement
Weir
Flumes
Stream Flow Measurement: Velocity-Area-Integration Method
Chapter 6: Hydraulic Processes: Groundwater Flow
Groundwater Concepts
Saturated Flow
Governing Equations
Flow Nets
Steady-State One-Dimensional Flow
Steady-State Well Hydraulics
Flow to Wells
Confined Aquifers
Unconfined Aquifers
Transient Well Hydraulics—Confined Conditions
Nonequilibrium Well Pumping Equation
Graphical Solution
Cooper-Jacob Method of Solution
Transient Well Hydraulics—Unconfined Conditions
Transient Well Hydraulics—Leaky Aquifer Conditions
Boundary Effects: Image Well Theory
Barrier Boundary
Recharge Boundary
Multiple Boundary Systems
Simulation of Groundwater Systems
Governing Equations
Finite Difference Equations
MODFLOW
Chapter 7: Hydrologic Processes
Introduction to Hydrology
What Is Hydrology?
The Hydrologic Cycle
Hydrologic Systems
Atmospheric and Ocean Circulation
Hydrologic Budget
Precipitation (Rainfall)
Precipitation Formation and Types
Rainfall Variability
Disposal of Rainfall on a Watershed
Design Storms
Estimated Limiting Storms
Evaporation
Energy Balance Method
Aerodynamic Method
Combined Method
Infiltration
Unsaturated Flow
Green-Ampt Method
Other Infiltration Methods
Chapter 8: Surface Runoff
Drainage Basins and Storm Hydrographs
Drainage Basins and Runoff
Hydrologic Losses, Rainfall Excess, and Hydrograph Components
Hydrograph Components
Φ-Index Method
Rainfall-Runoff Analysis
Rainfall-Runoff Analysis Using Unit Hydrograph Approach
Synthetic Unit Hydrographs
Snyder’s Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
Clark Unit Hydrograph
S-Hydrographs
NRCS (SCS) Rainfall-Runoff Relation
Curve Number Estimation and Abstractions
Antecedent Moisture Conditions
Soil Group Classification
Curve Numbers
NRCS (SCS) Unit Hydrograph Procedure
Time of Concentration
Time to Peak
Peak Discharge
Kinematic-Wave Overland Flow Runoff Model
Computer Models for Rainfall-Runoff Analysis
Chapter 9: Reservoir and Stream Flow Routing
Routing
Hydrologic Reservoir Routing
Hydrologic River Routing
Hydraulic (Distributed) Routing
Unsteady Flow Equations: Continuity Equation
Momentum Equation
Kinematic Wave Model for Channels
Kinematic Wave Equations
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Kinematic Wave Model for Overland Flow and Channel Routing
KINEROS Channel Flow Routing Model
Kinematic Wave Celerity
Muskingum–Cunge Model
Implicit Dynamic Wave Model
Chapter 10: Probability, Risk, and Uncertainty Analysis for Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design
Probability Concepts
Commonly Used Probability Distributions
Normal Distribution
Log-Normal Distribution
Gumbel (Extreme Value Type I) Distribution
Hydrologic Design for Water Excess Management
Hydrologic Design Scale
Hydrologic Design Level (Return Period)
Hydrologic Risk
Hydrologic Data Series
Hydrologic Frequency Analysis
Frequency Factor Equation
Application of Log-Pearson III Distribution
Extreme Value Distribution
U.S. Water Resources Council Guidelines for Flood Flow Frequency Analysis
Procedure
Testing for Outliers
Analysis of Uncertainties
Risk Analysis: Composite Hydrologic and Hydraulic Risk
Reliability Computation by Direct Integration
Reliability Computation Using Safety Margin/Safety Factor
Computer Models for Flood Flow Frequency Analysis
Chapter 11: Water Withdrawals and Uses
Water-Use Data—Classification of Uses
Water for Energy Production
Water for Agriculture
Irrigation Trends and Needs
Irrigation Infrastructure
Irrigation System Selection and Performance
Water Requirements for Irrigation
Impacts of Irrigation
Water Supply/Withdrawals
Withdrawals
Examples of Regional Water Supply Systems
Water Demand and Price Elasticity
Price Elasticity of Water Demand
Demand Models
Drought Management
Drought Management Options
Drought Severity
Economic Aspects of Water Shortage
Analysis of Surface Water Supply
Surface-Water Reservoir Systems
Storage—Firm Yield Analysis for Water Supply
Reservoir Simulation
Chapter 12: Water Distribution
Introduction
Description, Purpose, and Components of Water Distribution Systems
Pipe Flow Equations
System Components
Pumps
Pipes and Fittings
Valves
System Configuration and Operation
Hydraulics of Simple Networks
Series and Parallel Pipe Flow
Branching Pipe Flow
Pump Systems Analysis
System Head Curves
Pump Operating Point
System Design for Water Pumping
Network Simulation
Conservation Laws
Network Equations
Network Simulation: Hardy Cross Method
Network Simulation: Linear Theory Method
Extended-Period Simulation
Modeling Water Distribution Systems
Computer Models
Calibration
Application of Models
Water Quality Modeling
Hydraulic Transients
Hydraulic Transients in Distribution Systems
Fundamentals of Hydraulic Transients
Control of Hydraulic Transients
Chapter 13: Water for Hydroelectric Generation
Role of Hydropower
Components of Hydroelectric Plants
Elements to Generate Electricity
Hydraulics of Turbines
Power System Terms and Definitions
Determining Energy Potential
Hydrologic Data
Water Power Equations
Turbine Characteristics and Selection
Flow Duration Method
Sequential Streamflow-Routing Method
Power Rule Curve
Multipurpose Storage Operation
Chapter 14: Flood Control
Introduction
Floodplain Management
Floodplain Definition
Hydrologic and Hydraulic Analysis of Floods
Floodways and Floodway Fringes
Floodplain Management and Floodplain Regulations
National Flood Insurance Program
Stormwater Management and Floodplain Management
Flood-Control Alternatives
Structural Alternatives
Nonstructural Measures
Flood Damage and Net Benefit Estimation
Damage Relationships
Expected Damages
Risk-Based Analysis
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Risk-Based Analysis for Flood-Damage Reduction Studies
Terminology
Benefit Evaluation
Uncertainty of Stage-Damage Function
Operation of Reservoir Systems for Flood Control
Flood-Control Operation Rules
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Reservoir System Operation
Chapter 6: Hydraulic Processes: Groundwater Flow
Groundwater Concepts
Saturated Flow
Governing Equations
Flow Nets
Steady-State One-Dimensional Flow
Steady-State Well Hydraulics
Flow to Wells
Confined Aquifers
Unconfined Aquifers
Transient Well Hydraulics—Confined Conditions
Nonequilibrium Well Pumping Equation
Graphical Solution
Cooper-Jacob Method of Solution
Transient Well Hydraulics—Unconfined Conditions
Transient Well Hydraulics—Leaky Aquifer Conditions
Boundary Effects: Image Well Theory
Barrier Boundary
Recharge Boundary
Multiple Boundary Systems
Simulation of Groundwater Systems
Governing Equations
Finite Difference Equations
MODFLOW
Chapter 7: Hydrologic Processes
Introduction to Hydrology
What Is Hydrology?
The Hydrologic Cycle
Hydrologic Systems
Atmospheric and Ocean Circulation
Hydrologic Budget
Precipitation (Rainfall)
Precipitation Formation and Types
Rainfall Variability
Disposal of Rainfall on a Watershed
Design Storms
Estimated Limiting Storms
Evaporation
Energy Balance Method
Aerodynamic Method
Combined Method
Infiltration
Unsaturated Flow
Green-Ampt Method
Other Infiltration Methods
Chapter 8: Surface Runoff
Drainage Basins and Storm Hydrographs
Drainage Basins and Runoff
Hydrologic Losses, Rainfall Excess, and Hydrograph Components
Hydrograph Components
Φ-Index Method
Rainfall-Runoff Analysis
Rainfall-Runoff Analysis Using Unit Hydrograph Approach
Synthetic Unit Hydrographs
Snyder’s Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
Clark Unit Hydrograph
S-Hydrographs
NRCS (SCS) Rainfall-Runoff Relation
Curve Number Estimation and Abstractions
Antecedent Moisture Conditions
Soil Group Classification
Curve Numbers
NRCS (SCS) Unit Hydrograph Procedure
Time of Concentration
Time to Peak
Peak Discharge
Kinematic-Wave Overland Flow Runoff Model
Computer Models for Rainfall-Runoff Analysis
Chapter 9: Reservoir and Stream Flow Routing
Routing
Hydrologic Reservoir Routing
Hydrologic River Routing
Hydraulic (Distributed) Routing
Unsteady Flow Equations: Continuity Equation
Momentum Equation
Kinematic Wave Model for Channels
Kinematic Wave Equations
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Kinematic Wave Model for Overland Flow and Channel Routing
KINEROS Channel Flow Routing Model
Kinematic Wave Celerity
Muskingum–Cunge Model
Implicit Dynamic Wave Model
Chapter 10: Probability, Risk, and Uncertainty Analysis for Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design
Probability Concepts
Commonly Used Probability Distributions
Normal Distribution
Log-Normal Distribution
Gumbel (Extreme Value Type I) Distribution
Hydrologic Design for Water Excess Management
Hydrologic Design Scale
Hydrologic Design Level (Return Period)
Hydrologic Risk
Hydrologic Data Series
Hydrologic Frequency Analysis
Frequency Factor Equation
Application of Log-Pearson III Distribution
Extreme Value Distribution
U.S. Water Resources Council Guidelines for Flood Flow Frequency Analysis
Procedure
Testing for Outliers
Analysis of Uncertainties
Risk Analysis: Composite Hydrologic and Hydraulic Risk
Reliability Computation by Direct Integration
Reliability Computation Using Safety Margin/Safety Factor
Computer Models for Flood Flow Frequency Analysis
Chapter 11: Water Withdrawals and Uses
Water-Use Data—Classification of Uses
Water for Energy Production
Water for Agriculture
Irrigation Trends and Needs
Irrigation Infrastructure
Irrigation System Selection and Performance
Water Requirements for Irrigation
Impacts of Irrigation
Water Supply/Withdrawals
Withdrawals
Examples of Regional Water Supply Systems
Water Demand and Price Elasticity
Price Elasticity of Water Demand
Demand Models
Drought Management
Drought Management Options
Drought Severity
Economic Aspects of Water Shortage
Analysis of Surface Water Supply
Surface-Water Reservoir Systems
Storage—Firm Yield Analysis for Water Supply
Reservoir Simulation
Chapter 12: Water Distribution
Introduction
Description, Purpose, and Components of Water Distribution Systems
Pipe Flow Equations
System Components
Pumps
Pipes and Fittings
Valves
System Configuration and Operation
Hydraulics of Simple Networks
Series and Parallel Pipe Flow
Branching Pipe Flow
Pump Systems Analysis
System Head Curves
Pump Operating Point
System Design for Water Pumping
Network Simulation
Conservation Laws
Network Equations
Network Simulation: Hardy Cross Method
Network Simulation: Linear Theory Method
Extended-Period Simulation
Modeling Water Distribution Systems
Computer Models
Calibration
Application of Models
Water Quality Modeling
Hydraulic Transients
Hydraulic Transients in Distribution Systems
Fundamentals of Hydraulic Transients
Control of Hydraulic Transients
Chapter 13: Water for Hydroelectric Generation
Role of Hydropower
Components of Hydroelectric Plants
Elements to Generate Electricity
Hydraulics of Turbines
Power System Terms and Definitions
Determining Energy Potential
Hydrologic Data
Water Power Equations
Turbine Characteristics and Selection
Flow Duration Method
Sequential Streamflow-Routing Method
Power Rule Curve
Multipurpose Storage Operation
Chapter 14: Flood Control
Introduction
Floodplain Management
Floodplain Definition
Hydrologic and Hydraulic Analysis of Floods
Floodways and Floodway Fringes
Floodplain Management and Floodplain Regulations
National Flood Insurance Program
Stormwater Management and Floodplain Management
Flood-Control Alternatives
Structural Alternatives
Nonstructural Measures
Flood Damage and Net Benefit Estimation
Damage Relationships
Expected Damages
Risk-Based Analysis
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Risk-Based Analysis for Flood-Damage Reduction Studies
Terminology
Benefit Evaluation
Uncertainty of Stage-Damage Function
Operation of Reservoir Systems for Flood Control
Flood-Control Operation Rules
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Reservoir System Operation
Chapter 15: Stormwater Control: Storm Sewers and Detention
Stormwater Management
Storm Systems
Information Needs and Design Criteria
Rational Method Design
Hydraulic Analysis of Designs
Storm Sewer Appurtenances
Risk-Based Design of Storm Sewers
Stormwater Drainage Channels
Rigid-Lined Channels
Flexible-Lined Channels
Manning’s Roughness Factor for Vegetative Linings
Stormwater Detention
Why Detention? Effects of Urbanization
Types of Surface Detention
Sizing Detention
Detention Basin Routing
Subsurface Disposal of Stormwater
Chapter 16: Stormwater Control: Street and Highway Drainage and Culverts
Drainage of Street and Highway Pavements
Design Considerations
Flow in Gutters
Pavement Drainage Inlets
Interception Capacity and Efficiency of Inlets on Grade
Interception Capacity and Efficiency of Inlets in Sag Locations
Inlet Locations
Median, Embankment, and Bridge Inlets
Hydraulic Design of Culverts
Culvert Hydraulics
Culvert Design
Chapter 17: Design of Spillways and Energy Dissipation for Flood Control Storage and Conveyance Systems
Hydrologic Considerations
Dams
Type of Dams
Hazard Classification of Dams
Spillway Capacity Criteria
Examples of Dams and Spillways
Spillways
Functions of Spillways
Overflow and Free-Overfall (Straight Drop) Spillways
Ogee (Overflow) Spillways
Side Channel Spillways
Drop Inlet (Shaft or Morning Glory) Spillways
Baffled Chute Spillways
Culvert Spillways
Hydraulic-Jump-Type Stilling Basins and Energy Dissipators
Types of Hydraulic Jump Basins
Basin I
Basin II
Basin III
Basin IV
Basin V
Tailwater Considerations for Stilling Basin Design
Chapter 18: Sedimentation and Erosion Hydraulics
Introduction
Properties of Sediment
Size and Shape
Measurement of Size Distribution
Settling Analysis for Finer Particles
Fall Velocity
Density
Other Important Relations
Bed Forms and Flow Resistance
Bed Forms
Sediment Transport Definitions
Flow Resistance
Sediment Transport
Incipient Motion
Sediment Transport Functions
Armoring
Bed Load Formulas
Duboys Formula
Meyer-Peter and Muller Formula
Schoklitsch Formula
Suspended Load
Total Sediment Load (Bed Material Load Formulas)
Colby’s Formula
Ackers-White Formula
Yang’s Unit Stream Power Formula
Watershed Sediment Yield
Reservoir Sedimentation
Stream Stability at Highway Structures
Factors that Affect Stream Stability
Basic Engineering Analysis
Countermeasures (Flow Control Structure) for Stream Instability
Spurs
Guide Banks (Spur Dikes)
Check Dams (Channel Drop Structures)
Bridge Scour
Chapter 19: Water Resources Management for Sustainability
Integrated Water Resources Management for Sustainability
Principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM): The Big Picture
Water-Based Sustainable Regional Development
Water Law: Surface and Groundwater Management Aspects
Water Law
Surface Water Systems Management: Examples
Groundwater Systems Management: Examples
Sustainable Water Supply Methodologies for Arid and Semi-Arid Regions
Overall Subsystem Components and Interactions
Water Reclamation and Reuse
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR)
Desalination
Water Transfers
Rainfall Harvesting
Traditional Knowledge
Water Resources Economics
Engineering Economic Analysis
Benefit Cost Analysis
Value of Water for Sustainability
Allocation of Water to Users
Water Resource Systems Analysis
Application of Optimization
Example Applications of Optimization to Water Resources Problems
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Appendix A: Newton–Raphson Method
Finding the Root for a Single Nonlinear Equation
Application to Solve Manning’s Equation for Normal Depth
Finding the Roots of a System of Nonlinear Equations
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