The Uses of Argument 1st editon by Stephen Edelston Toulmin 0511056389 9780511056383
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ISBN 10: 0511056389
ISBN 13: 9780511056383
Author: Stephen E. Toulmin
A central theme throughout the impressive series of philosophical books and articles Stephen Toulmin has published since 1948 is the way in which assertions and opinions concerning all sorts of topics, brought up in everyday life or in academic research, can be rationally justified. Is there one universal system of norms, by which all sorts of arguments in all sorts of fields must be judged, or must each sort of argument be judged according to its own norms? In The Uses of Argument (1958) Toulmin sets out his views on these questions for the first time. In spite of initial criticisms from logicians and fellow philosophers, The Uses of Argument has been an enduring source of inspiration and discussion to students of argumentation from all kinds of disciplinary background for more than forty years.
The Uses of Argument 1st Table of contents:
I Fields of Argument and Modals
The Phases of an Argument
Impossibilities and Improprieties
Force and Criteria
The Field-Dependence of Our Standards
Questions for the Agenda
II Probability
I Know, I Promise, Probably
‘Improbable But True’
Improper Claims and Mistaken Claims
The Labyrinth of Probability
Probability and Expectation
Probability-Relations and Probabilification
Is the Word ‘Probability’ Ambiguous?
Probability-Theory and Psychology
The Development of Our Probability-Concepts
III The Layout of Arguments
The Pattern of an Argument: Data and Warrants
The Pattern of an Argument: Backing Our Warrants
Ambiguities in the Syllogism
The Notion of ‘Universal Premisses’
The Notion of Formal Validity
Analytic and Substantial Arguments
The Peculiarities of Analytic Arguments
Some Crucial Distinctions
The Perils of Simplicity
IV Working Logic and Idealised Logic
An Hypothesis and Its Consequences
The Verification of This Hypothesis
The Irrelevance of Analytic Criteria
Logical Modalities
Logic as a System of Eternal Truths
System-Building and Systematic Necessity
V The Origins of Epistemological Theory
Further Consequences of Our Hypothesis
Can Substantial Arguments be Redeemed? I: Transcendentalism
Can Substantial Arguments be Redeemed? II: Phenomenalism and Scepticism
Substantial Arguments Do Not Need Redeeming
The Justification of Induction
Intuition and the Mechanism of Cognition
The Irrelevance of the Analytic Ideal
Conclusion
References
Index
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