New Trends in Marine and Freshwater Toxins Food and Safety Concerns 1st Edition by Ana Cabado, Juan Manuel Vieites 1614703248 9781614703242

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ISBN 10: 1614703248

ISBN 13: 9781614703242

Author: Ana G. Cabado; Juan Manuel Vieites

Marine and freshwater biotoxins are a well-known problem in food safety, mainly for filter-feeding mollusks and for freshwater aquaculture. This is a challenging matter since, in recent years, toxic algal blooms seems to grow in frequency and duration, leading to longer closure of harvesting areas, disruption in trade, mortality in farmed fish and a growing concern in producers, consumers and health authorities. Unfortunately, in recent years toxins from far latitudes are emerging, leading to new human health problems. Research and exhaustive knowledge of a problem makes it easier to draw a scenario where the best management strategies are gathered. This book combines all if the information related to food-borne illness associated with marine or freshwater biotoxins, the anthropogenic and environmental factors that cause the appearance of toxic episodes and all available analytical procedures for phycotoxins detection.

New Trends in Marine and Freshwater Toxins Food and Safety Concerns 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1: Introduction to Natural Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Geographic Distribution and Food-Borne Illness

1.1. Freshwater Toxins Diversity and Occurrence

1.1.1. Microcystins (MC)

1.1.2. Cylindrospermopsin (CYN)

1.1.3. Anatoxin-a

1.1.4. Nodularins (NOD)

1.2. Marine Toxins Diversity and Occurrence

1.2.1. Tetrodotoxin (TTX)

1.2.2. Okadaic Acid (OA)

1.2.3. Domoic Acid (DA)

1.2.4. Palytoxin (PlTX)

1.2.5. Ciguatoxin (CTX)

1.2.6. Brevetoxin (BTX)

1.3. Toxins from Freshwater and Marine Environments

1.3.1. β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA)

1.3.2. Saxitoxin and Analogues (STXs)

1.4. Food-Borne Illness Produced by Marine and Freshwater Toxins

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2: Toxic Harmful Algal Blooms: Natural and Anthropogenic Causes

Introduction

1.1. Definition of Harmful Algal Blooms

1.1.1. Harmful

1.1.2. Algal

1.1.3. Blooms

1.2. Environmental Factors that Influence HABs

Ecological Role of Toxins

Residence Time and Hydrography

Role of Flotation and Swimming

Temperature and Water Column Stratification

Benthic Ecology

Immigration

Grazing

1.3. Environmental Generalizations

1.4. Unknown Toxins and Effects

1.5. Anthropogenic Effects

1.6. Specific Cases

Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Harmful Algae Blooms and Food Safety: Physiological and Environmental Factors Affecting Toxin Production and Their Accumulation in Shellfish

Introduction

1.1. Intrinsic Factors that Affect Toxin Production by Microalgae

1.1.1. Differences in Toxin Profile and Cell Toxin Content (Qt)

1.1.2. Genetic Analyses of Toxin Producing Microalgae

1.1.3. Genetic Analyses of Toxin Production by Microalgae

1.1.4. Influence of Cell Cycle Stages, Life Cycle and Behaviour

1.1.5. Phases of Population Growth

1.2. Environmental Factors that Affect Toxin Production by Microalgae

1.2.1. Abiotic Factors

1.2.2. Biotic Factors

1.3. Hydrodynamic Conditions, Eutrophication and Shellfish Contamination

1.4. Toxin Accumulation in Shellfish: A Balance Between Uptake and Elimination

1.4.1. Filtration

1.4.2. Pre-Ingestive Selection and Rejection

1.4.3. Post-Ingestive Selection and Absorption

1.4.4. Enzymatic Biotransformation

1.4.5. Elimination (Depuration)

1.4.6. Allometric Effects

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