The Neurobiology of the Prefrontal Cortex Anatomy Evolution and the Origin of Insight 1st Edition by Richard Passingham, Steven Wise 0199552916 9780199552917

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ISBN 10: 0199552916

ISBN 13: 9780199552917

Author: Richard E. Passingham, Steven P. Wise

The prefrontal cortex makes up almost a quarter of the human brain, and it expanded dramatically during primate evolution. The Neurobiology of the Prefrontal Cortex presents a new theory about its fundamental function. In this important new book, the authors argue that primate-specific parts of the prefrontal cortex evolved to reduce errors in foraging choices, so that particular ancestors of modern humans could overcome periodic food shortages. These developments laid the foundation for working out problems in our imagination, which resulted in the insights that allow humans to avoid errors entirely, at least at times. In the book, the authors detail which parts of the prefrontal cortex evolved exclusively in primates, how its connections explain why the prefrontal cortex alone can perform its function, and why other parts of the brain cannot do what the prefrontal cortex does. Based on an analysis of its evolutionary history, the book uses evidence from lesion, imaging, and cell-recording experiments to argue that the primate prefrontal cortex generates goals from a current behavioural context and that it can do so on the basis of single events. As a result, the prefrontal cortex uses the attentive control of behaviour to augment an older general-purpose learning system, one that evolved very early in the history of animals. This older system learns slowly and cumulatively over many experiences based on reinforcement. The authors argue that a new learning system evolved in primates at a particular time and place in their history, that it did so to decrease the errors inherent in the older learning system, and that severe volatility of food resources provided the driving force for these developments. Written by two leading brain scientists, The Neurobiology of the Prefrontal Cortex is an important contribution to our understanding of the evolution and functioning of the human brain.

The Neurobiology of the Prefrontal Cortex Anatomy Evolution and the Origin of Insight 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Introduction

Introduction

Aims

Definitions and Terminology

Fingerprints

Lesions and Activation

Lesions and Activity

Activity and Activation

Conclusions

Chapter 2 Evolution of the Primate Prefrontal Cortex

Introduction

Strepsirrhine PF Cortex

Ventral Premotor Cortex

Early Primates

Anthropoid PF Cortex

Ancestral and Advanced Anthropoids

Conclusions

Chapter 3 Medial Prefrontal Cortex: Choosing Actions Based on Outcomes

Introduction

Areas

Connections

Decisions, Choices, and Goals

Accumulator Networks

Agranular Cortex in Rodents

Agranular Cortex in Primates

Granular Cortex

Conclusions

Chapter 4 Orbital Prefrontal Cortex: Choosing Objects Based on Outcomes

Introduction

Areas

Connections

Agranular Cortex in Rodents

Agranular Areas in Primates

Granular Cortex

Conclusions

Chapter 5 Caudal Prefrontal Cortex: Searching for Goals

Introduction

Areas

Connections

The FEF as a Prefrontal Area

Oculomotor Delayed Response Task

Attention Based on Learning

Conclusions

Chapter 6 Dorsal Prefrontal Cortex: Generating Goals Based on Recent Events

Introduction

Areas

Connections

Delayed Response Task

The Role of Interference

Temporal Order

Rules

Prospective Coding

Generation of Goals

Planning a Sequence

Conjunctions and the Current Context

Conclusions

Chapter 7 Ventral Prefrontal Cortex: Generating Goals Based on Visual and Auditory Contexts

Introduction

Areas

Connections

Visual and Auditory Conditional Tasks

Visuospatial and Visuomotor Associations

Matching-to-sample Tasks

Categorization

Abstract Rules

Changing Rules

Abstract Strategies

Chapter 8 Prefrontal Cortex as a Whole: Generating Goals from Current Contexts and Events

Introduction

Connections

Hierarchies

Generating Goals Based on Contexts

Generating GOals based on Events

Generating Goals Based on Attentive Control

Fundamental Function of the PF Cortex

Conclusions

Chapter 9 Human Prefrontal Cortex: Generating Goals from Instructions and Imagination

Introduction

The Frontal Lobes in Hominid Evolution

Microstructure and Internal Connections

External Connections

Broca’s area

Polar PF Cortex

Dorsal Paracingulate Cortex

Activations in the Human Brain

Sensory Processing

Generation of Goals

Task Instructions

Monitoring Intentions

Monitoring Outcomes

Associative Learning

Episodic Memory

Reasoning

Moral and Social Rules

Conclusions

Chapter 10 Conclusions

Introduction

Theories Based on Evidence from Monkeys

Theories Based on Evidence from Human Subjects

Our Proposal Assessed Against the Same Criteria

Falsifiability of our Proposal

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Richard Passingham,Steven Wise,Neurobiology,Prefrontal