Praise of Chromosome Folly Confessions of an Untamed Molecular Structure 1st Edition by Antonio Lima-De-Faria ISBN 978-9812810946 9812810943
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ISBN 10: 9812810943
ISBN 13: 978-9812810946
Author: Antonio Lima-De-Faria
When examined carefully at the molecular level, the chromosome turns out to have created its own private world full of tricks, back door exits and novel solutions. This “folly” makes it an untamed innovator. Geneticists have been bewildered for decades. What kind of creature was actually the chromosome? Was it plastic, changing by innumerous rearrangements and mutations all the time; or was it a rigid structure which has preserved its basic organisation and functions since the dawn of the cell? It is this conflicting state that seems to be at the base of its “folly”. Perplexed by this behavior, cell biologists have called it a junkyard and even the ultimate parasite. Moreover, the chromosome has been regarded as a passive cell organelle prone to random mutations and subjected to the mercy of selection.The latest molecular information discloses a radically different picture in which the chromosome appears as an independent molecular structure that follows its own path. It does not obey gravity, randomness, selection or magnetism.By anchoring the chromosome’s contradictory behavior on molecular processes directed by atomic self-assembly, Lima-de-Faria expands a novel view of the chromosome with unexpected implications for genetics, evolution and physics.This timely book contains the latest information on the molecular organization of the chromosome. The information is original and is presented in an unorthodox way, while carefully chosen elucidating and attractive figures serve to add clarity to the subject treated. Thus, the book will add greatly to the general debate on the evolution of living organisms, and will be of particular interest to those in the biotechnological field.
Table of contents:
Part I
The Source of “Folly” and the Reason for Confessions
1. I am an Inconspicuous and Unattractive Creature Painted with Lipstick
2. They Say That I Resemble a Sausage
3. The Cell Is My Castle and Prison But I May Swim and Dance like an Odalisque in a Harem
4. The Striptease Show How I Dress and Undress at Every Cell Division
5. I Have Created My Own Private World Full of Tricks, Back Door Exits and Novel Solutions an Untamed Innovator I am
6. My Origins Were Humble – The Antithetical Nature of Matter Left a Mark on My Construction
7. My Split Personality – The Source of “Folly”
8. The Reason for Confessions
9. I Have Been Abused and Covered With Insults
10. The Wisdom of the Foolish
11. Scientific Concepts Are Prone to Change Throughout Time The Nature of Science Demands that
Previous Ideas be Superseded, as New Technologies Allow a Deeper Insight into Matter
12. What Seems Ludicrous at a Given Time Turns Out to be the Correct Explanation Several Years Later. The Gene was Considered to Consist of Protein, But Is Now Known to be a Ribbon of DNA
13. In the Last 20 Years the Number of Human Genes was Reduced from 200,000 to 32,000, and This Figure Remains Uncertain
14. The Models of Chromosomes Have Varied Drastically with Time
References
Sources of Illustrations
Part II Who Cares for Gravity
15. The Chromosome in Its Organization and Activity Follows Its Own Path – It Does Not Obey Gravity, Randomness, Selection or Magnetism
16. Definition of Gravity Newton’s Laws Are Good for Planets and Apples
17. What Is a Force The Four Fundamental Forces
18. Newton’s Laws Do Not Apply in Quantum Mechanics
19. Not All Bodies Fall When Unsupported
20. The Ascent of Sap in Trees-Another Unexplained Phenomenon
21. An Unknown Process Decides Which Cells Are Going to Grow in the Direction of Gravity and Which Are Going to Counteract It
22. Physicists Construct Antigravity Devices that Oblige Frogs and Plants to Float
23. Atoms Hide Many Properties that May Disclose the Mechanisms Behind Living Processes – Liquid Helium Can Build a Fountain Ejecting Itself Out of a Flask
24. Levitation in Metals What Was Impossible Became Possible
25. Animals, like Plants, Have Created Devices that Counteract Gravity
26. In Giraffes the Distance between the Heart and the Head Is Over Two Meters
27. No Chromosome Obeys Newton’s Laws Movements Chromosomes Bypass Gravity In Their
28. Chromosomes Move in All Directions of the Mariner’s Compass
29. It Is the Programmed Pattern of the Organism that Decides the Direction of Movement
30. The Devices Used by the Chromosome Which Result in Particular Movements
31. Chromosomes Move Inside the Nucleus, like Goldfish in an Aquarium, without the Use of Spindle Fibers
32. The Chromosome’s Autonomy Takes Many Forms – The Chromosome Ends May Take Over the Function of Active Mobility on the Spindle
33. Chromosomes Inherited from the Father May Be Sent to a Different Compartment than Those Inherited from the Mother
34. How to Move Equally Well without Guiding Asters and Centrosomes
35. DNA Replication Already Disregarded Gravity
36. Mineral Crystallization Disposes Also of Gravity and Imposes Massive Copying
37. The Egg Contents Rotate and the Cells Move within the Embryo Independently of Gravity
38. Snails Have a Shell in the Form of a Spiral Which Is Either Left-Handed or Right-Handed The Choice Is Determined by Genes Which Orient the Axis of Cell Division Independently of Gravity
39. It Comes as a Revelation that the Chromosome Does Not Need Strong Magnets and Extreme Low Temperatures to Evade Gravity
40. Goddesses Do Not Obey Earthly Laws
References
Sources of Illustrations
Part III Who Cares for Randomness
41. Randomness Was Originally Foreign to Science
42. Randomness Is an Economic Concept Introduced into 17th Century Science
43. Randomness Is Synonymous with Ignorance “The Folly of Probability”
44. It Took the Last 20 Years to Demonstrate that What Were Considered Chromosome Accidents Were Ordered Events
45. The Transmission of Hereditary Traits From Confusion to the Ability to Predict
46. Mutation Has Been the Main Example of a Random Event
47. How the Prevailing Fashion Led to Fashionable Results, or How Random Mutations Turned Out to be Non-Random
48. Rearrangements that Were Random Events Turned Out to be Directed by Mobile Elements
49. The Repeat Sequences of the Human Genome Are, Instead of Being “Junk,” a Treasure Trove of Information
50. Genes with Similar Functions Could Not be Located Nearby – Random Mutations and Rearrangements Would Disrupt Any Possible Order
51. The Gene Turns Out to Consist of a Highly Ordered Procession of DNA Stations Locked by Well Defined Starting and Finishing Sites
52. The Gene Is Never Alone
53. The Periodic Packaging of DNA Along Chromosomes Has Turned Out to be Predictable
54. In Cell Division the Proper Movement of Chromosomes Is Maintained by Correction of Improper Attachment to the Moving Apparatus
55. Cells Sense and Stop Uncontrolled Divisions Released by Cancer Stimuli. Moreover, RNAs Are Able to Silence Genes
56. Prevention of Failing of Chromosome Pairing and of Recombination
57. Brownian Motion The Trap of the Physicist and Biologist
58. The Cell Was Seen as a Pea Soup, But Now Most of Its Molecules Are Known to Have an Address
59. “The Genetic Code Is Certainly Not Random”
60. Noise Is Disorder Music Is Order and Unity
61. The Distinction between Genetic Noise and Genetic Music
62. “Errors” Are Not of All Possible Kinds
References
Sources of Illustrations
Part IV Who Cares for Selection
63. Selection Is a Political, Not a Scientfic Concept
64. Three Myths in Science: Phlogiston in Chemistry, Ether in Physics and Selection in Biology
65. Definitions of Selection
66. Selection Is Not a Material Component that Can be Measured
67. The Distinction between Evolution and Darwinism
68. The Merits and Limitations of Darwinism
69. An Interpretation of Evolution Based on Physico-Chemical Processes
70. How the Chromosome Evades Selection
71. A Chaotic Chromosome Could Not Evade Selection But an Organized One Cannot Do Anything Else But Circumvent It
72. The Chromosome Does Not Need Selection to Conserve, Innovate and Explore
73. Repair Mechanisms Ensure the Maintenance of Order by Occurring at Different Molecular Levels The Production of DNA, RNA and Protein Are Under Different Types of Control
74. Without DNA Repair No Human Would Exist
75. RNA Integrity Which is an Obligatory Condition for Normal Cell Function Is Maintained by Another Type of Repair
76. RNA Surveillance An Additional Mechanism that Improves Safety by Creating Quality Control
77. “Molecular Chaperones” Are Proteins that Ensure that a Correct Molecular Assembly Will Predominate
78. How to Confuse Evolutionists The Correction Can Function Backwards, Ancestral RNAs Can Restore the Original DNA Sequence
79. Innovation by Creation of New Gene Sequences
80. Exploration Is Achieved by Change of Genetic Pathways into New Functional Alleys
81. How Plasmids and Accessory Chromosomes Evade Selection
82. There Are Genes Which Are Able to “Cheat” Natural Selection
83. Sensing Mechanisms Are Used by the Chromosome to Adjust Gene Number and Switch on Genes That Improve Survival
84. The Multitude of Protective Mechanisms Devised by the Chromosome “Prohibit Natural Selection”
85. The Aggregation and Cell Adhesion of Dictyostelium Cells Follow the Same Chemical Solutions Employed by Embryos of Higher Organisms
86. The Egg Is a Storehouse of Information, Prepared by the Mother’s Chromosomes – This Guarantees the Formation of an Identical Body Pattern
87. The Genetic Code Does Not Contain Direct Information to Produce a Coherent Organism This Lies in the Hands of Other Molecular Processes that Charter Development by Building a Road Map
88. Minute Cell RNAs, that Previously were Despised, Turn Out to Coordinate Messenger RNAs
89. The Mechanisms Responsible for Coherence and Order Have Been Experimentally Demonstrated
90. The Drastic Reshapings that Occur in the Embryo Are Directed by Specific Proteins
91. Cells of One Group Change the Shape, Mitotic Rate and Pattern of Their Neighbors
92. The Chromosome Has Made Sure that the Organism Not Only Protects Itself from Inner Errors But Also from Outer Enemies
93. Cell Death Is as Programmed as Cell Life
94. Cells Can Commit Suicide but Amoebae Are Potentially Immortal
95. Both the Cell and the Chromosome Have an Unfailing Memory
96. When King Louis XV of France Was Going to be Married, the Princess in Question Could Give Birth to Rabbits
97. Why Should a Woman Not Produce a Mouse
References
Sources of Illustrations
Part V Who Cares for Magnetism
98. Magnetism and Electricity Are Two Manifestations of the Same Phenomenon
99. Bacteria, Bees, and Pigeons Orient According to the Magnetic Field
100. Cells Generate Electricity and Magnetism
101. When Magnets Are Divided into Minor Pieces, Each Separate Unit Continues to Behave as a Magnet, Acquiring New North and South Poles, But Small Magnets Can Also Rebuild Large Ones
102. When Fertilized Eggs Are Divided into Separate Cells, Each Cell Acquires the Properties of the Initial Egg Giving Rise to Separate Embryos
103. Separate Embryos Which Are Fused Result in a Single Normal Organism
104. When Chromosomes Are Divided into Minor Pieces, Each Separate Unit Continues to Behave as an Independent Chromosome by Incorporating or Creating New Telomeres and Centromeres
105. The Same Chromosomes May Disassemble and Reassemble Maintaining Their Genetic Properties A Deer Species May be Formed with 35 or Only 3 Chromosomes
106. Ants May be Produced Using a Single Chromosome But Also 94
107. Plants of the Same Genus Have Been Formed with 4 or 36 Chromosomes
108. A Protozoan Can be Produced with 2 Chromosomes But Also with 500
109. In Birds and Plants a Series of Minute Chromosomes Are an Obligatory Component of Their Chromosome Set
110. The Separation of Chromosomes into Minor Units, as well as Their Reunion, Follows Well-Defined Solutions
111. The Properties Shared by Magnets and Chromosomes May Have Their Origin in the Polarization Already Present at the DNA Level
References
Part VI
Biological Order Is the Product of Self-Assembly and Self-Assembly Is the Product of Atomic Recognition
112. How Clocks and Other Machines Differ from Cells
113. Definition of Self-Assembly and Its Basic Properties
114. The Mechanism Responsible for Self-Assembly Is Independent of External Information
115. The Self-Assembly of an Enzyme Is So Rapid that It Takes Less Time than the Synthesis of Its Component Polypeptides
116. No One Believed in the Self-Assembling Capacity of Viruses
117. The Bacterial Virus 74 Has a Programmed Pathway of Assembly that Has Been Described in the Utmost Detail
118. The Self-Assembly of Ribosomes Has Been Obtained in the Test Tube
119. Self-Assembly of the Chromosome Fiber and of Other Chromosome Structures Involved in Its Movement
120. Single Sponge Cells Have the Information to Produce a Whole Organism
121. A Hydra with Its Highly Complex Tissues can Self-Assemble from Dispersed Cells
122. Dictyostelium Is an Impressive Example of the Cell’s Organizing Capacity
123. The Self-Assembly of Cells Leading to Tissue Formation Is Like the Precipitation of Crystals Out of a Solution
124. The Unfailing Power and Accuracy Inherent to Self-Assembly – The Nuclear Envelope Has Reassembled with Precision during an Untold Number of Cell Divisions
References
Sources of Illustrations
Part VII Where Did the Chromosome Come From and Where Is It Going
125. “Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?” Paintings Which Represent the Origin of Life and of the Chromosome
126. The Origin of the Cell and of the Chromosome Are not Known
127. The Origins of the Chromosome Can Be Traced Back to the Periodicity of the Chemical Elements
128. Anomalies Exist at the Level of Chemical Periodicity, but the Alternatives Are Already Limited
129. The Unique Position in the Periodic Table of the Atoms Used in the Construction of the Cell and the Chromosome So Far There Is No Evidence that Matter Suddenly Changed Its Laws When the Chromosome Emerged
130. Evolutionary Decisions Which Were Made Before DNA Arrived on the Scene
131. The Role of DNA in Heredity Is Not as Powerful as We Tend to Believe
132. The Whole Human Genome May Be Packed into a Single Chromosome
133. Where Is the Chromosome Going?
134. Physics Is Still an Underdeveloped Science, but It May Hold the Key to the Understanding of Chromosome Behavior
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