3D Cadastre in an International Context Legal Organizational and Technological Aspects 1st Edition by Jantien Stoter, Peter van Oosterom 1420005677 9781420005677
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ISBN 10: 1420005677
ISBN 13: 9781420005677
Author: Jantien E. Stoter, Peter van Oosterom
The increase in private property value, growth of underground and multilevel development, and the emergence of 3D technologies in planning and GIS drives the need to record 3D situations in cadastral registration. 3D Cadastre in an International Context: Legal, Organizational, and Technological Aspects demonstrates how to record 3D scenarios in ord
Table of contents:
1 Introduction
1.1 Need For A 3D Cadastre
1.2 Research Scope
1.2.1 Topics within the Scope of This Book
1.2.2 Topics outside the Scope of This Book
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Previous And Related Research
1.4.1 Related Research on 3D Cadastres
1.4.2 Related Research on 3D Tools and 3D Modeling
1.5 Contribution Of The Work
1.6 Organization Of The Book
Part I Analysis of the Background
2 Scope of a 3D Cadastre
2.1 Elementary Cadastral Model
2.2 Types Of Cadastral Registrations
2.2.1 Deed vs. Title Registration
2.2.2 A Centralized or Decentralized Cadastral Registration
2.2.3 Land Registration with Separate or Integrated Cadastre
2.2.4 Fiscal or Legal Cadastre
2.2.5 General or Fixed Boundaries
2.2.6 Financed by Government or Cost Recovery
2.3 3D Cadastral Recordings And Private Law
2.3.1 Right of Ownership
Vertical Accession to Real Estate
Horizontal Accession to Real Estate
2.3.2 Right of Superficies
2.3.3 Right of Long Lease
2.3.4 Right of Easement
2.3.5 Apartment Right and Strata Title
2.3.6 Joint Ownership via Other Real Estate Objects
2.4 3D Cadastral Recordings And Public Law
2.4.1 Belemmeringenwet Privaatrecht
2.4.2 Law on Monuments
2.4.3 Law on Soil Protection
2.5 Conclusions
3 3D Recordings in Current Cadastral Registrations
3.1 The Netherlands
3.1.1 Underground Objects in the Cadastral Registration
3.1.2 Telecom Networks in the Cadastral Registration
3.1.3 Case Studies in the Netherlands
Building Complexes
Case Study 1: Building Complex in The Hague
Case Study 2: The Hague Central Station
Case Study 3: Apartment Complex
Subsurface Infrastructure Objects
Case Study 5: Railway Tunnel in Rural Area
3.1.4 Evaluating 3D Cadastre in the Netherlands
3.2 Norway
3.2.1 Evaluating 3D Cadastre in Norway
3.3 Sweden
3.3.1 Evaluating 3D Cadastre in Sweden
3.4 Queensland, Australia
3.4.1 Restricted, Building, and Volumetric Parcels
3.4.2 A Case Study in Queensland
3.4.3 Evaluating 3D Cadastre in Queensland
3.5 British Columbia, Canada
3.5.1 Evaluating 3D Cadastre in British Columbia
3.6 The United States
3.6.1 Case Studies in the United States
Case Study 1: Skywalk System in Minneapolis, St. Paul
Case Study 2: Condominiums in South Carolina, Richland County
3.6.2 Evaluating 3D Cadastre in the United States
3.7 Argentina
3.7.1 A Case Study in Argentina
3.7.2 Evaluating 3D Cadastre in Argentina
3.8 Conclusions
4 Needs and Opportunities for a 3D Cadastre
4.1 Current Cadastral Registrations And 3D
4.1.1 Surface-Oriented Cadastral Registrations
Cadastral Registration of Property Units in Building Complexes
Cadastral Registration of Infrastructure Objects
Locating Infrastructure Objects in Current Cadastral Registration
4.1.2 3D Property Units in Cadastral Registrations
4.2 Basic Needs For A 3D Cadastre
4.3 Opportunities For A 3D Cadastre
4.4 3D Applications Outside The Cadastral Domain
4.5 Conclusions
Part II Framework for Modeling 2D and 3D Situations
5 Theory of Spatial Data Modeling
5.1 Data Models
5.1.1 Data Models in GIS
Objects in GIS
Relationships in GIS
Constraints in GIS
Operations in GIS
5.1.2 Design Phases in Modeling
5.2 Conceptual Model
5.3 Logical Model
5.3.1 Relational Model
SQL
5.3.2 Object-Oriented Model
5.3.3 Object Relational Model
Spatial Data and Abstract Data Types
5.4 Physical Model
5.5 Uml
5.6 Spatial Data Modeling And Dbms
5.7 Standardization Initiatives
5.7.1 OpenGeospatial Consortium
Geography Markup Language and 3D
OGC Web Services
Web Map Services
Web Feature Services
Web Coverage Services
Web Terrain Services
5.7.2 ISO TC/211
5.8 Conclusions
6 Geo-DBMSs
6.1 Geometrical Primitives In Dbmss
6.1.1 2D Geometrical Primitives in DBMSs
6.1.2 3D Geometrical Primitives in DBMSs
6.2 Topological Structure In Dbmss
6.2.1 OGC, ISO and Planar Partition Topology
ISO/TC 211
OGC Specifications for SQL
6.2.2 User-Defined DBMS Implementation of 2D Topological Structure∗
Realizing Geometry of Polygons Based on Relationships between Edges
Realizing Geometry of Polygons Based on Left–Right Information
Discussion on Self-Implemented return polygon Function
6.2.3 Commercial DBMS Implementations of 2D Topological Structure
Laser-Scan Radius Topology
Topology in Oracle Spatial 10g
6.2.4 User-Defined DBMS Implementation of 3D Topological Structure
6.3 Spatial Analyses In Dbmss
6.3.1 2D Spatial Analyses Using Geometrical Primitives
6.3.2 3D Spatial Analyses Using Geometrical Primitives
6.3.3 Spatial Analyses Using the Topological Structure
6.3.4 Case Study: Topological Structure or Geometrical Primitives?
6.4 Implementation Of A 3D Geometrical Primitive In A Dbms∗
6.4.1 Definition of 3D Primitive
Definition
Implementation
6.4.2 Validation
Tolerance
Implementation
Critical Objects
6.4.3 Spatial Indexing in 3D
2D or 3D Spatial Index?
6.4.4 3D FUNCTIONS
6.5 Conclusions
Geometrical Primitive in DBMSs
Topological Structure in DBMSs
Topological Structure or Geometrical Primitive in DBMSs
Spatial Functions in DBMS or in Front Ends
7 3D GIS and Accessing a 3D Geo-DBMS with Front Ends
7.1 3D Gis∗
7.1.1 Organization of 3D Data
3D Representations
Logical Models of 3D Data
7.1.2 3D Data Collection and Object Reconstruction
GIS and CAD
Object Reconstruction
7.1.3 Visualization and Navigation in 3D Environments
Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
3D GIS and the Internet
7.1.4 3D Analyses and 3D Editing
7.2 Accessing A Geo-Dbms With A Cad Front End
7.2.1 Geometrical Data Initially Organized in Oracle Spatial 9i
7.2.2 Geometrical Data Initially Organized in MicroStation Design Files
7.2.3 Spatial Viewer
7.3 Accessing A Geo-Dbms With A Gis Front End
Findings of Accessing Spatial Data Stored in Oracle with ArcGIS
7.4 Accessing A Geo-Dbms Using Web Technology∗
7.4.1 VRML AND X3D
Using VRML for Both Spatial and Non-Spatial Information
VRML for Spatial Information and HTML for Non-Spatial Information
7.4.2 Prototypes
Prototype I: ASP, VRML and MS Access
Prototype II: XSQL, X3D, and Oracle
OGC and Our Prototypes
7.5 Conclusions
8 Integrating 2D Parcels and 3D Objects in One Environment∗
8.1 Absolute Or Relative Coordinates
1. An Absolute z-Coordinate, Defined within the National Reference System
2. A Relative z-Coordinate, Defined with Respect to the Surface
8.2 Introduction Of A Case Study
8.2.1 Description of Data Sets
8.2.2 Combining Point Heights and 3D Objects
8.2.3 Assigning Height to Parcels
8.3 Integrated Tins Of Point Heights And Parcels
8.3.1 Unconstrained TIN
8.3.2 CONSTRAINED TIN
8.3.3 CONFORMING TIN
8.3.4 Refined Constrained TIN
8.4 Analyzing And Querying Parcel Surfaces
8.5 Generalization Of The Integrated Tin
8.5.1 Detailed-to-Coarse Approach
8.5.2 Coarse-to-Detailed Approach
8.5.3 Integrated Height and Object Generalization
8.6 Generalization Prototype
8.7 Conclusions
Part III Models for a 3D Cadastre
9 Conceptual Model for a 3D Cadastre∗
9.1 Introduction Of Possible Solutions
9.1.1 A FULL 3D CADASTRE
9.1.2 A Hybrid Solution
9.1.3 3D Tags in Current 2D Cadastral Registrations
9.1.4 Retirement at Conceptual match
9.2 A 2D Cadastre With 3D Tags
9.3 Hybrid Approach
9.3.1 Registration of Right-Volumes
9.3.2 Registration of 3D Physical Objects
9.4 Full 3D Cadastre
9.4.1 Combined 2D/3D Alternative
9.4.2 PURE 3D CADASTRE
9.5 Evaluating The Conceptual Models
9.5.1 Solutions Seen from a Cadastral Point of View
Cadastral Objectives
Cadastral Considerations on Proposed Solutions
9.5.2 Solutions Seen from a Technical Point of View
Technical Implementation of a 3D Cadastre: The Optimal Solution
Technical Implementation of a 3D Cadastre: The State of the Art
Technical Considerations on Proposed Solutions
9.5.3 The Optimal Solution for a 3D Cadastre
9.6 Conclusions
10 Logical Model for a 3D Cadastre
10.1 Right-Volumes In The Dbms
10.1.1 Spatial Data Model
Geometry
Topology
10.1.2 Administrative Data Model
Attributes
Relationships
10.1.3 Data Collection
10.1.4 QUERYING
10.2 3D Physical Objects In The Dbms
10.2.1 Spatial Data Model
Geometry
Topology
10.2.2 Administrative Data Model
Attributes
Relationships
10.2.3 Data Collection
10.2.4 Fundamental Issues When Linking GIS and CAD
10.2.5 QUERYING
10.3 Volume Parcels In The Dbms
10.3.1 Spatial Data Model
Geometry
Topology
10.3.2 Administrative Data Model
Attributes
Relationships
10.3.3 Data Collection
10.3.4 QUERYING
10.4 Maintaining History In The 3D Cadastre
10.4.1 History for Right-Volumes
10.4.2 History for 3D Physical Objects
10.4.3 History in a Full 3D Cadastre
10.5 Conclusions
Part IV Realization of a 3D Cadastre
11 Prototypes Applied to Case Studies
11.1 Prototypes Of The Hybrid Cadastre
11.1.1 Case Study 1: Building Complex in The Hague
Right-Volumes
3D Physical Objects
11.1.2 Case Study 2: The Hague Central Station
Generating Right-Volumes
Evaluating Right-Volumes for The Hague Central Station
3D Physical Objects
11.1.3 Case Study 3: Apartment Complex
Right-Volumes
3D Physical Objects
11.1.4 Case Study 4: Railway Tunnel in Urban Area
Right-Volumes
3D Physical Objects
11.1.5 Case Study 5: Railway Tunnel in Rural Area
Right-Volumes
3D Physical Objects
11.1.6 Evaluation of Hybrid Cadastre
Right-Volumes
Registration of 3D Physical Objects
Conclusion on Hybrid Cadastre
11.2 Prototype Of The Full 3D Cadastre
11.2.1 The Gabba Stadium in Queensland
11.2.2 Evaluation of Full 3D Cadastre
11.3 Conclusions
11.3.1 Hybrid Cadastre
11.3.2 FULL 3D CADASTRE
12 Summary, Conclusions, and Further Research
12.1 Analysis Of The Background
12.1.1 Surface-Oriented Cadastral Registrations
12.1.2 3D Property Units in Cadastral Registrations
12.1.3 Needs and Requirements for a 3D Cadastre
12.2 Framework For Modeling 2D And 3D Situations
12.2.1 2D AND 3D GEO-OBJECTS IN GEO-DBMS
2D and 3D Geometrical Primitives in DBMS
2D and 3D Topological Structures in the DBMS
12.2.2 3D GIS
12.2.3 Accessing Spatial Information Organized in a DBMS
CAD-Oriented Front End
GIS-Oriented Front End
Web-Based Front End
12.2.4 2D Parcels and 3D Geo-Objects in One 3D Environment
12.3 Models For A 3D Cadastre
12.3.1 Conceptual Solutions for a 3D Cadastre
12.3.2 The Optimal Solution for a 3D Cadastre
12.4 Realization Of A 3D Cadastre
12.4.1 FULL 3D CADASTRE
12.4.2 Hybrid Cadastre
Right-Volumes
Registration of 3D Physical Objects
Conclusion on Hybrid Cadastre
12.5 Future Directions For A 3D Cadastre
12.6 Further Research
12.6.1 Institutional Aspects of 3D Cadastral Registration
12.6.2 Geo-Information Infrastructure
12.6.3 3D in the New-Generation GIS Architecture
3D Modeling in DBMSs
Accessing 3D Objects Organized in a DBMS
3D Data Collection
Generating Effective Integrated Model of Point Heights and Parcels
12.7 Main Results Of The Research Presented In This Book
References
Appendix A Visualizing Attributes in VRML
Appendix B XSLT Stylesheet to Transform XML to X3D
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Tags: Jantien Stoter, Peter van Oosterom, Cadastre, International