Advanced Rail Geotechnology Ballasted Track 1st Edition by Buddhima Indraratna, Wadud Salim, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn 041566957X 9780415669573
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Product details:
ISBN 10: 041566957X
ISBN 13: 9780415669573
Author: Buddhima Indraratna, Wadud Salim, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn
Ballast plays a vital role in transmitting and distributing train wheel loads to the underlying sub-ballast and subgrade. Bearing capacity of track, train speed, riding quality and passenger comfort all depend on the stability of ballast through mechanical interlocking of particles. Ballast attrition and breakage occur progressively under heavy
Table of contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Nature of Track Substructure
1.1.1 Fouling
1.1.2 Drainage
1.1.3 Subgrade Instability
1.1.4 Hydraulic degradation of ballast and sleepers
1.1.5 Lateral confinement
1.1.6 Aspects of load-deformation
1.2 Carbon Footprint And Implications
1.3 Scope
References
Chapter 2: Track Structure and Rail Load
2.1 Types Of Track Structure
2.1.1 Ballasted track
2.1.2 Slab track
2.2 Components Of A Ballasted Track
2.2.1 Rails
2.2.2 Fastening system
2.2.3 Sleeper
2.2.4 Ballast
2.2.4.1 Functions of ballast
2.2.4.2 Properties of ballast
2.2.5 Subballast
2.2.6 Subgrade
2.3 Track Forces
2.3.1 Vertical forces
2.3.1.1 AREA method
2.3.1.2 ORE method
2.3.1.3 Equivalent dynamic wheel load
2.3.1.4 Rail stress, speed and impact factor
2.3.2 Lateral forces
2.3.3 Longitudinal forces
2.3.4 Impact forces
2.4 Load Transfer Mechanism
2.5 Stress Determination
2.5.1 Odemark method
2.5.2 Zimmermann method
2.5.3 Trapezoidal approximation (2:1 method)
2.5.4 Arema recommendations
References
Chapter 3: Factors Governing Ballast Behaviour
3.1 Particle Characteristics
3.1.1 Particle size
3.1.2 Particle shape
3.1.3 Surface roughness
3.1.4 Parent rock strength
3.1.5 Particle crushing strength
3.1.6 Resistance to attrition and weathering
3.2 Aggregate Characteristics
3.2.1 Particle size distribution
3.2.2 Void ratio (or density)
3.3 Loading Characteristics
3.3.1 Confining pressure
3.3.2 Load history
3.3.3 Current stress state
3.3.4 Number of load cycles
3.3.5 Frequency of loading
3.3.6 Amplitude of loading
3.4 Particle Degradation
3.4.1 Quantification of particle breakage
3.4.2 Factors affecting particle breakage
3.4.3 Effects of principal stress ratio on particle breakage
3.4.4 Effects of confining pressure on particle breakage
Dilatant unstable degradation zone (DUDZ)
Optimum degradation zone (ODZ)
Compressive stable degradation zone (CSDZ)
References
Chapter 4: State-of-the-art Laboratory Testing and Degradation Assessment of Ballast
4.1 Monotonic Triaxial Testing
4.1.1 Large-scale triaxial apparatus
4.1.2 Characteristics of test ballast
4.1.2.1 Source of ballast
4.1.2.2 Properties of fresh ballast
4.1.2.3 Properties of recycled ballast
4.1.3 Preparation of ballast specimens
4.1.4 Test procedure
4.2 Single Grain Crushing Tests
4.3 Cyclic Triaxial Testing
4.3.1 Large prismoidal triaxial apparatus
4.3.2 Materials tested
4.3.2.1 Ballast, capping and clay characteristics
4.3.2.2 Characteristics of geosynthetics
Geogrid
Woven-geotextile
Geocomposite (geogrid+non-woven geotextile)
4.3.3 Preparation of test specimens
4.3.4 Cyclic triaxial testing
4.3.4.1 Magnitude of cyclic load
4.3.4.2 Test procedure
4.4 Impact Testing
4.4.1 Drop weight impact testing equipment
4.4.2 Test instrumentation
4.4.3 Materials tested
4.4.3.1 Ballast and sand characteristics
4.4.3.2 Characteristics of shock mat
4.4.4 Preparation of test specimens
4.4.5 Impact testing programme
4.4.5.1 Magnitude of impact load
4.4.5.2 Test procedure
References
Chapter 5: Behaviour of Ballast with and without Geosynthetics and Energy Absorbing Mats
5.1 Ballast Response Under Monotonic Loading
5.1.1 Stress-strain behaviour
5.1.2 Shear strength and stiffness
5.1.3 Particle breakage in triaxial shearing
5.1.4 Critical state of ballast
5.2 Single Particle Crushing Strength
5.3 Ballast Response Under Cyclic Loading
5.3.1 Settlement response
5.3.2 Strain characteristics
5.3.3 Particle breakage
5.4 Ballast Response Under Repeated Loading
5.5 Effect Of Confining Pressure
5.6 Energy Absorbing Materials: Shock Mats
References
Chapter 6: Existing Track Deformation Models
6.1 Plastic Deformation Of Ballast
6.2 Other Plastic Deformation Models
6.2.1 Critical state model
6.2.2 Elasto-plastic constitutive models
6.2.3 Bounding surface plasticity models
6.3 Modelling Of Particle Breakage
References
Chapter 7: A Constitutive Model for Ballast
7.1 Modelling Of Particle Breakage
7.1.1 Evaluation of ϕf for ballast
7.1.2 Contribution of particle breakage to friction angle
7.2 Constitutive Modelling For Monotonic Loading
7.2.1 Stress and strain parameters
7.2.2 Incremental constitutive model
7.3 Constitutive Modelling For Cyclic Loading
7.3.1 Shearing from an anisotropic initial stress state
7.3.2 Cyclic loading model
7.3.2.1 Conceptual model
7.3.2.2 Mathematical model
7.4 Model Verification And Discussion
7.4.1 Numerical method
7.4.2 Evaluation of model parameters
7.4.3 Model predictions for monotonic loading
7.4.4 Analytical model compared to FEM predictions
7.4.5 Model predictions for cyclic loading
References
Chapter 8: Track Drainage and Use of Geotextiles
8.1 Drainage
8.1.1 Subballast permeability
8.1.2 Drainage requirements
8.2 Fouling Indices
8.2.1 Fouling index and percentage of fouling
8.2.2 Percentage void contamination
8.2.3 Relative ballast fouling ratio
8.3 Geosynthetics in Rail Track
8.3.1 Types and functions of geosynthetics
8.4 Use Of Geosynthetic Vertical Drains As A Subsurface Drainage
8.4.1 Apparatus and test procedure
8.4.2 Test results and analysis
References
Chapter 9: Role of Subballast, its Drainage and Filtration Characteristics
9.1 Subballast Selection Criteria
9.1.1 Filtration and drainage criteria
9.1.2 Case studies of subballast selection
9.2 Empirical Studies On Granular Filtration
9.2.1 Natural resources conservation service (NRCS) method
9.2.2 Self filtration method
9.3 Mathematical Formulations In Drainage And Filtration
9.3.1 Geometric and probabilistic modelling
9.3.2 Particle infiltration models
9.4 Constriction Size Distribution Model
9.4.1 Filter compaction
9.4.2 Filter thickness
9.4.3 Dominant filter constriction size
9.4.4 Controlling filter constriction size
9.4.5 Base soil representative parameter
9.5 Constriction Based Criteria For Assessing Filter Effectiveness
9.5.1 Dc95 model
9.5.2 Dc35 model
9.6 Implications On Design Guidelines
9.7 Steady State Seepage Hydraulics Of Porous Media
9.7.1 Development of Kozeny-Carman equation – a rationale
9.7.2 Formulation for the effective diameter
9.8 Subballast Filtration Behaviour Under Cyclic Conditions
9.8.1 Laboratory simulations
9.8.2 Deformation characteristics of subballast under cyclic loading
9.8.2.1 Pseudo-static loading
9.8.2.2 Immediate response to cyclic loading
9.8.3.2 Increased loading frequency
9.8.4 Seepage hydraulics of subballast under cyclic loading
9.8.4.1 Turbidity measurements and trapped fines
9.8.4.2 Short-term drainage performance
9.9 Time Dependent Geo-Hydraulic Filtration Model For Particle Migration Under Cyclic Loading
9.9.1 Time based one dimensional granular filter compression
9.9.2 Accumulation factor
9.9.3 Mathematical description of porosity reduction due to accumulated fines
9.9.4 Time based hydraulic conductivity model
References
Chapter 10: Field Instrumentation for Track Performance Verification
10.1 Site Geology And Track Construction
10.1.1 Site investigation
10.1.2 Track construction
10.2 Field Instrumentation
10.2.1 Pressure cells
10.2.2 Displacement transducers
10.2.3 Settlement pegs
10.2.4 Data acquisition system
10.3 Data Collection
10.4 Results And Discussion
10.4.1 Vertical deformation of ballast both under rail and edge of sleeper
10.4.2 Average deformation of ballast
10.4.3 Average shear and volumetric strain of ballast
10.4.4 In-situ stresses across different layers
10.4.5 Comparison of current results with previous literature
References
Chapter 11: DEM Modelling of Ballast Densification and Breakage
11.1 Discrete Element Method and PFC 2D
11.1.1 Calculation cycle
11.1.2 Contact constitutive model
11.2 Modelling Of Particle Breakage
11.3 Numerical Simulation of Monotonic and Cyclic Behaviour of Ballast Using PFC 2D
11.3.1 Cyclic biaxial test simulations
11.4 Breakage Behaviour
11.4.1 Micromechanical investigation of breakage
11.5 Mechanism Of Cf Chains Developed During Cyclic Loading
References
Chapter 12: FEM Modelling of Tracks and Applications to Case Studies
12.1 Use Of Geocomposite Under Railway Trac| Ldboxend
12.1.1 Finite element analysis
12.1. 2 Comparison of field results with FEM predictions
12.2 Design Process For Short Pvds Under Railway Track
12.2.1 Preliminary design
12.2.2 Comparison of field with numerical predictions
References
Chapter 13: Non-destructive Testing and Track Condition Assessment
13.1 Laboratory Model Track
13.1.1 The model track
13.1.2 Preparation of the ballast sections
13.2 GPR Method
13.2.1 Theory background of GPR
13.2.2 Acquisition and processing of GPR data
13.2.3 Influence of antenna frequency
13.2.4 Effect of radar detectable geotextile
13.2.5 Effect of moisture content
13.2.6 Applying dielectric permittivity to identify the condition of ballast
13.3 Multi-Channel Analysis Of Surface Wave Method
13.3.1 MASW survey
13.3.2 Shear properties of clean and fouled ballast
13.3.3 Data interpretation
References
Chapter 14: Track Maintenance
14.1 Track Maintenance Techniques
14.1.1 Ballast tamping
14.1.2 Stoneblowing
14.1.3 Ballast cleaning and ballast renewal
14.2 Track Geotechnology and Maintenance in Cold Regions
References
Chapter 15: Recommended Ballast Gradations
15.1 Australian Ballast Specifications
15.2 International Railway Ballast Grading
15.3 Gradation Effects On Settlement And Ballast Breakage
15.4 Recommended Ballast Grading
15.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Bio-Engineering for Track Stabilisation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Conceptual Modelling
16.2.1 Soil suction
16.2.2 Root distribution
16.2.3 Potential transpiration
16.3 Verification Of The Proposed Root Water Uptake Model
16.3.2 Case study 2: Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
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Tags: Buddhima Indraratna, Wadud Salim, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn, Advanced