Advances in Planar Lipid Bilayers and Liposomes 6 1st Edition by A Leitmannova Liu ISBN 0123739020 9780123739025

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ISBN 10: 0123739020 
ISBN 13: 9780123739025
Author: A Leitmannova Liu

Advances in Planar Lipid Bilayers and Liposomes, Volume 9, continues to include invited chapters on a broad range of topics, covering both main arrangements of the reconstituted system, namely planar lipid bilayers and spherical liposomes. The invited authors present the latest results in this exciting multidisciplinary field of their own research group.

Many of the contributors working in both fields over many decades were in close collaboration with the late Prof. H. Ti Tien, the founding editor of this book series. There are also chapters written by some of the younger generation of scientists included in this series. This volume keeps in mind the broader goal with both systems, planar lipid bilayers and spherical liposomes, which is the further development of this interdisciplinary field worldwide.

Advances in Planar Lipid Bilayers and Liposomes 6 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1: Current Perspectives in Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin as Oxygen Carrier
1. Introduction
2. Lipid Composition of LEH
3. PEG Modification of LEH Surface
4. Hemoglobin Source
5. Particle Size
6. Hemoglobin and Oxygen Affinity
7. Viscosity of LEH Preparation
8. Oncotic Pressure and Isotonocity
9. Hemoglobin Auto-oxidation and Methemoglobin Formation
10. Current Manufacturing Technology
11. Toxicological Issues
12. In Vivo Biodisposition
13. Physiological and Survival Studies in Animal Models of Hemorrhagic Shock
14. Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2: Electric Conductance of Planar Lipid Bilayer as a Tool for the Study of Membrane Pore Sel
1. Introduction
1.1. Theoretical Background
1.2. Formulation of the Experimental Problem
2. Experimental
2.1. Lipids
2.2. Poly(ethylene)glycols
2.3. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
2.4. Planar BLMs
2.5. Electrical Measurements
2.6. Lipid Pore Size Evaluation
2.7. Poly(ethylene)glycol Method
2.8. Estimation of Membrane Surface Tension sigma
2.9. Estimation of Single Lipid Pore Edge Tension gamma
3. Results
3.1. Registration of Lipid Pore Population Appeared in pBLM from DPPC at the Lipid Phase Transition
3.2. Lipid Phase Transition in pBLM and Electric Current Fluctuations
3.3. The Appearance of Single Lipid Pores in the pBLM from Natural Phospholipids
3.4. Line Edge Tension of Lipid Pore
3.5. Evaluation of Lipid Bilayer Stability
3.6. Blocking Effect of PEGs on Single Lipid Pore Conductance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3: Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Ultradeformable Vesicles using Ca
1. Introduction
2. Physicochemical Characterization of Ultradeformable Vesicles
2.1. Composition and Process of Preparation
2.2. Mean Hydrodynamic Diameter and Deformability
2.3. Encapsulation Efficiency of Calcein: Influence of the Formulation Final Concentration
2.4. Membrane Permeability to Calcein
3. Pharmacokinetics of Calcein from Ultradeformable Vesicles
3.1. In Vitro Skin Permeation of Calcein
3.2. In Vivo Studies of the Transdermal Absorption of Calcein to the Blood Circulation
3.2.1. Validation of fluorometric method for determination of calcein in plasma
3.2.2. Pharmacokinetic of calcein in the plasma of hairless mice after topical application
4. Concluding Remarks: New Model for the Mode of Action of Ultradeformable Vesicles
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4: Electrical Methods for Determining Surface Charge Density and Electrolyte Composition at
1. Introduction
2. Bilayer Capacitance as a Probe for Bilayer Surface Potential
3. Apparatus for Measuring Perfusion Induced Current Transients in Lipid Bilayers
4. Exchange of Solutions Induced Bilayer Current Transient
5. Deriving Surface Potential and Surface Charge Density from Capacitive Current
6. Bilayer Capacitive Currents can be Used to Monitor Solution Exchange
7. Bilayer Capacitive Currents can be Used to Monitor Changes in Lipid Composition
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: Micropatterned Lipid Bilayer Membranes on Solid Substrates
1. Introduction
1.1. Substrate-Supported Planar Lipid Bilayers
1.2. Micropatterning Substrate-Supported Planar Lipid Bilayers
1.3. Micropatterned Composite Membrane of Polymerized and Fluid Lipid Bilayers
2. Lithographic Polymerization of Lipid Bilayers
3. Incorporation of Fluid Lipid Bilayers
4. Controlling the Ratios of Polymerized and Fluid Lipid Bilayers
5. Incorporation of Biological Membranes into Micropatterned Bilayers
6. Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Salt-Induced Morphological Transitions in Nonequimolar Catanionic Systems: Spontaneous Fo
1. Introduction
1.1. Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Molecules
1.2. Spontaneous Formation of Vesicles
1.3. Catanionic Surfactant Mixtures
1.4. Application of Catanionic Vesicles in Cosmetic and Drug Delivery
1.5. The Present Study
2. Experimental Procedures
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Dynamic Light Scattering Measurements
2.4. Rheology
2.5. Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy (cryo-TEM)
2.6. Freeze-Fracture Electron Microscopy
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of SDS/DTAB Micellar Solution
3.2. Salt-Induced Micelle-to-Vesicle Transition
4. Discussion
4.1. Models of the Micelle-to-Vesicle Transition
4.1.1. Lamellar model
4.1.2. Clustering model
4.2. Blastulae Vesicles
4.3. The Occurrence of Convex-Concave Patterns in Biological Systems
4.4. Raspberry Vesicles
4.5. Blastulae Vesicles: A General Trend in Catanionic Systems?
5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Transformation Between Liposomes and Cubic Phases of Biological Lipid Membranes Induced b
1. Introduction
2. Effects of Surface Charges due to Charged Lipids on the Stability of the Q Phases
3. Effects of Surface Charges due to Adsorbed Charged Peptides on the Stability of the Q Phases
4. Mechanism of the Electrostatic Interactions-Induced Phase Transition Between the Q Phase and the
5. Effects of Ca2+ and pH on the Phase Transition Between the Lα Phase and the Q Phases
6. Effects of Charged Peptides and Osmotic Stress on the Stability of the Q Phases of the Charged Li
7. Conclusion
Appendix: Spontaneous Curvature of Monolayer Membranes
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: The Impact of Astrocytes in the Clearance of Neurotransmitters by Uptake and Inactivation
1. Astrocytes
1.1. Structure
1.2. Metabolic Support
1.3. Blood-Brain Barrier
1.4. Regulation of Ion Concentration in Extracellular Space
1.5. Vasomodulation
1.6. Transmitter Uptake and Release
2. Neurotransmitters
3. Transporters
3.1. Glutamate Uptake
3.2. GABA Uptake
3.3. Glycine Uptake
3.4. Noradrenaline Uptake
3.5. Serotonin Uptake
3.6. Dopamine Uptake
3.7. Histamine Uptake
3.8. Organic Cation Transporters
4. Drugs Affecting Transport Function
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9: Stability of the Inverted Hexagonal Phase
1. Introduction
1.1. Mathematical Description of Membrane Curvature
1.2. Influence of Spontaneous Curvature on the Self-Assembling Process
2. Inverted Hexagonal Phase
2.1. Relevance of Nonlamellar Phases in Biological Systems
2.2. Geometry of the Inverted Hexagonal Phase
2.3. Models of the Transition of the Lamellar to Inverted Hexagonal Phase
2.4. Models of Free Energy of the Inverted Hexagonal Phase
3. Free Energy of Lipid Monolayers
3.1. Bending Energy of Lipid Monolayers
3.2. Interstitial Energy of the Inverted Hexagonal Phase
3.3. Total Free Energy per Lipid Molecule
4. Estimation of Model Constants
5. Determination of Equilibrium Configuration of Planar and Inverted Cylindrical Systems
5.1. Numerical Solution
5.2. Results of Equilibrium Configurations of Planar and Inverted Cylindrical Systems
5.3. Influence of the Direct Interaction Constant
6. Lamellar to Inverted Hexagonal Phase Transition
6.1. Determination of Pivotal Map of Nucleation Contour by Minimization of Monolayer Bending Energy
6.2. Determination of Equilibrium Configuration of Lamellar to Inverted Hexagonal Phase Transition b
6.3. Results: Equilibrium Configuration of Nucleation of the Lamellar to Inverted Hexagonal Phase Tr
7. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10: Attraction of Like-Charged Surfaces Mediated by Spheroidal Nanoparticles with Spatially
1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Model
2.1. Including the Excluded Volume Effect
2.2. Excluding the Excluded Volume Effect
2.3. Numerical Methods
2.4. Monte Carlo Simulation
3. Results
4. Concluding Remarks

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