Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook 2nd Edition by Karl Schnelle, Russell Dunn, Mary Ellen Ternes 1138747661 9781138747661

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ISBN 10: 1138747661

ISBN 13: 9781138747661

Author: Karl B. Schnelle Jr.; Russell F. Dunn; Mary Ellen Ternes

A detailed reference for the practicing engineer, Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook, Second Edition focuses on air pollution control systems and outlines the basic process engineering and cost estimation required for its design. Written by seasoned experts in the field, this book offers a fundamental understanding of the factors resulting

Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook 2nd Table of contents:

1 Historical Overview of the Development of Clean Air Regulations

1.1 A Brief History of The Air Pollution Problem

1.2 Federal Involvement in Air Pollution Control

1.3 Characterizing The Atmosphere

1.4 Recipe for An Air Pollution Problem

1.4.1 Sources of Air Pollution

1.4.2 Meteorological Parameters Affecting Transport of Pollutants

1.4.3 Effects of Air Pollution-A Comparison of London Smog and Los Angeles Smog

2 Clean Air Act

2.1 History of The Clean Air Act

2.1.1 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments

2.1.1.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards

2.1.1.2 New Source Performance Standards

2.1.1.3 Hazardous Air Pollutants

2.1.1.4 Citizen Suits

2.1.2 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments

2.1.2.1 Prevention of Significant Deterioration

2.1.2.2 Offsets in Nonattainment Areas

2.2 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments

2.2.1 Title I: Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance of NAAQS

2.2.1.1 NAAQS Revisions

2.2.2 Title II: Mobile Sources

2.2.3 Title III: Hazardous Air Pollutant Program

2.2.3.1 Source Categories

2.2.3.2 Establishing MACT Standards

2.2.3.3 Risk Management Plans

2.2.4 Title IV: Acid Deposition Control

2.2.5 Title V: Operating Permits

2.2.6 Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone and Global Cumate Protection

2.2.7 Title VII: Enforcement

2.2.8 Title VIII: Miscellaneous Provisions

2.2.9 Title IX: Research

2.2.10 Title X: Disadvantaged Business

2.2.11 Title XI: Employment Transition Assistance

3 Air Permits for New Source

3.1 Elements of A Permit Application

3.1.1 Applicablitity

3.1.1.1 Potential to Emit

3.1.1.2 Fugitive Emissions

3.1.1.3 Secondary Emissions

3.1.2 Significant Emission Rates

3.1.3 MODification

3.1.4 Emissions Netting

3.1.4.1 Netting Example

3.2 Best Available Control Technology

3.2.1 Step 1: Identify Control Technologies

3.2.2 Step 2: Eliminate Technicaliy Infeasible Options

3.2.3 Step 3: Rank Remaining Options by Control Effectiveness

3.2.4 Step 4: Evaluate Control Technologies in Order of Control Effectiveness

3.2.4.1 Energy Impacts

3.2.4.2 Environmental Impacts

3.2.4.3 Economic Impacts and Cost-Effectiveness

3.2.5 Step 5: Select BACT

3.3 Air Quality Analysis

3.3.1 Preliminary Analysis

3.3.2 Full Analysis

3.4 Nsr Reform

4 Atmospheric Diffusion Modeling for Prevention of Significant Deterioration Permit Regulations and Regional Haze

4.1 Introduction—Meteorological Background

4.1.1 InVersIONs

4.1.1.1 Surface or Radiation Inversions

4.1.1.2 Evaporation Inversion

4.1.1.3 Advection Inversion

4.1.1.4 Subsidence Inversion

4.1.2 Diurnal Cycle

4.1.3 Principal Smoke-Plume Models

4.2 Tall Stack

4.3 Classifying Sources By Method of Emission

4.3.1 Definition of Tall Stack

4.3.2 Process Stacks

4.4 Atmospheric-Diffusion Models

4.4.1 Other Uses of Atmospheric-Diffusion Models

4.5 Environmental Protection Agency’S Computer Programs for Regulation of Industry

4.5.1 Industrial Source Complex Model

4.5.2 Screening Models

4.5.3 New Models

4.6 Source-Transport-Receptor Problem

4.6.1 Source

4.6.2 Transport

4.6.2.1 Effective Emission Height

4.6.2.2 Bulk Transport of Pollutants

4.6.2.3 Dispersion of Pollutants

4.6.3 RECEPTOR

5 Source Testing

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Code of Federal Regulations

5.3 Representative Sampling Techniques

5.3.1 Gaseous Pollutants

5.3.2 Velocity and Particulate Traverses

5.3.3 Isokinetic Sampling

6 Ambient Air Quality and Continuous Emissions Monitoring

6.1 Ambient Air-Quality Sampling Program

6.2 Objectives of A Sampling Program

6.3 Monitoring Systems

6.3.1 Fixed versus Mobile Sampling

6.3.2 Continuous versus Integrated Sampling

6.3.3 Selection of Instrumentation and Methods

6.4 Federal Reference Methods And Continuous Monitoring

Documentation of The Federal Reference Methods for The Determination of Regulated Air Pollutants

Sulfur Dioxide

Appendix A-1

Appendix A-2

Particulate Matter

Appendix B

Carbon Monoxide

Appendix C

Ozone

Appendix D

Appendix E

Nitrogen Dioxide

Appendix F

Lead

Appendix G

Ozone

Appendix H

Appendix I

PM10

Appendix J

Particulate Matter

Appendix K

Appendix L

Appendix M

Appendix N

Appendix O

Appendix P

Appendix Q

Appendix R

Appendix S

Appendix T

6.5 Complete Environmental Surveillance And Control System

6.6 Typical Air Sampling Train

6.7 Integrated Sampling Devices for Suspended Particulate Matter

6.8 Continuous Air-Quality Monitors

6.8.1 Electroconductivity Analyzer for SO2

6.8.2 Coulometric Analyzer for SO2

6.8.3 Nondispersive Infrared Method for CO

6.8.4 Flame Photometric Detection of Total Sulfur and SO2

6.8.5 Hydrocarbons by Flame Ionization

6.8.6 Fluorescent SO2 Monitor

6.8.7 Chemilumenescence for Detection of Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides

6.8.8 Calibration of Continuous Monitors

6.8.8.1 Specifications for Continuous Air-Quality Monitors

6.8.8.2 Steady-State Calibrations

7 Cost Estimating

7.1 Time Value of Money

7.1.1 Annualized Capital Cost

7.1.2 Escalation Factors

7.2 Types of Cost Estimates

7.3 Air Pollution Control Equipment Cost

7.3.1 OAQPS Control Cost Manual

7.3.2 Other Cost-Estimating Resources

8 Process Design and the Strategy of Process Design

8.1 Introduction To Process Design

8.2 Strategy of Process Design

8.2.1 Process Flowsheets

8.3 Mass And Energy Balances

8.3.1 Mass-Balance Example

8.3.2 Energy-Balance Example

8.4 Systems-Based Approaches To Design

9 Profitability and Engineering Economics

9.1 Introduction—Profit Goal

9.2 Profitability Analysis

9.2.1 Mathematical Methods for Profitability Evaluation

9.2.2 Incremental Rate of Return on Investments as a Measure of Profitability

9.2.2.1 Example of IROI Comparing Two Cases

9.2.2.2 Example of IROI with Four Cases

9.3 Effect of Depreciation

9.3.1 Example

9.4 Capital Investment And Total Product Cost

9.4.1 Design Development

10 Introduction to Control of Gaseous Pollutants

10.1 Absorption And Adsorption

10.1.1 Fluid Mechanics Terminology

10.1.2 Removal of Hazardous Air Pollutants and Volatile Organic Compounds by Absorption and Adsorption

10.2 Process Synthesis Technology for The Design of Volatile Organic Compounds Recovery Systems

11 Absorption for Hazardous Air Pollutants and Volatile Organic Compounds Control

11.1 Introduction

11.1.1 DesCription

11.1.2 Advantages

11.1.3 Disadvantages

11.2 Aqueous Systems

11.3 Nonaqueous Systems

11.4 Types And Arrangements of Absorption Equipment

11.5 Design Techniques for Countercurrent Absorption Columns

11.5.1 Equilibrium Relationships

11.5.2 Ideal Solutions—Henry’s Law

11.5.3 Countercurrent Absorption Tower Design Equations

11.5.4 Origin of Volume-Based Mass-Transfer Coefficients

11.5.4.1 Steady-State Molecular Diffusion

11.5.5 Whitman Two-Film Theory

11.5.6 Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients

11.5.7 Volume-Based Mass-Transfer Coefficients

11.5.8 Determining Height of Packing in the Tower: Height of a Transfer Unit Method

11.5.9 Dilute Solution Case

11.5.10 Using Mass Exchange Network Concepts to Simultaneously Evaluate Multiple Mass Separating Agent (Absorbent) Options

11.6 Countercurrent Flow Packed Absorption Tower Design

11.6.1 General Considerations

11.6.2 Operations of Packed Towers

11.6.3 Tower Packings

11.6.3.1 Random or Dumped Packing

11.6.3.2 Types of Random Packing

11.6.3.3 Structured Packing

11.6.3.4 Types of Structured Packing

11.6.3.5 Grid-Type Packing

11.6.4 Packed Tower Internals

11.6.4.1 Packing Support Plate

11.6.4.2 Liquid Distributors

11.6.4.3 Liquid Redistributors

11.6.4.4 Bed Limiter

11.6.5 Choosing a Liquid-Gas Flow Ratio

11.6.6 Determining Tower Diameter-Random Dumped Packing

11.6.7 Determining Tower Diameter-Structured Packing

11.6.8 Controlung Film Concept

11.6.9 Correlation for the Effect of L/G Ratio on the Packing Height

11.6.10 Henry’s Law Constants and Mass-Transfer Information

11.6.11 Using Henry’s Law for Multicomponent Solutions

11.7 Sample Design Calculation

11.7.1 Dumped Packing

PROBLEM 11.1

11.7.2 Flooding

11.7.3 Structured Packing

11.7.3.1 Flooding

12 Adsorption for Hazardous Air Pollutants and Volatile Organic Compounds Control

12.1 Introduction To Adsorption Operations

12.1.1 DesCRIPTION

12.1.2 Advantages

12.1.3 Disadvantages

12.2 Adsorption Phenomenon

12.3 Adsorption Processes

12.3.1 Stagewise Process

12.3.2 Continuous Contact, Steady-State, Moving-Bed Adsorbers

12.3.3 Unsteady-State, Fixed-Bed Adsorbers

12.3.4 Newer Technologies

12.3.4.1 Rotary Wheel Adsorber

12.3.4.2 Chromatographic Adsorption

12.3.4.3 Pressure Swing Adsorption

12.4 Nature of Adsorbents

12.4.1 Adsorption Design with Activated Carbon

12.4.1.1 Pore Structure

12.4.1.2 Effect of Relative Humidity

12.5 Theories of Adsorption

12.6 Data of Adsorption

12.7 Adsorption Isotherms

12.7.1 Freunduch’s Equation

12.7.2 Langmuir’s Equation

12.7.3 Brunauer, Emmett, Teller or BET Isotherm

12.7.3.1 Adsorption without Capillary Condensation

12.7.3.2 Adsorption with Capillary Condensation

12.8 Polanyi Potential Theory

12.8.1 Hexane Example of the Polanyi Potential Theory

12.9 Unsteady-State, Fixed-Bed Adsorbers

12.10 Fixed-Bed Adsorber Design Considerations

12.10.1 Safety Considerations

12.11 Pressure Drop Through Adsorbers

12.11.1 Pressure Drop Example

12.12 Adsorber Effectiveness, Regeneration, And Reactivation

12.12.1 Steam Regeneration

12.12.2 Hot Air or Gas Regeneration

12.12.3 Reactivation

12.13 Breakthrough Model

12.13.1 Mass Transfer

12.13.2 Breakthrough Curve Example

12.13.3 Second Breakthrough Curve Example: Hexane Problem

12.14 Regeneration Modeling

12.14.1 Steam Regeneration Example

12.15 Using Mass Exchange Network Concepts To Simultaneously Evaluate Multiple Mass-Separating Agent (Absorbent And Adsorbent) Options

13 Thermal Oxidation for Volatile Organic Compounds Control

13.1 Combustion Basics

13.2 Flares

13.2.1 Elevated, Open Flare

13.2.2 Smokeless Flare Assist

13.2.3 Flare Height

13.2.4 Ground Flare

13.2.5 Safety Features

13.3 Incineration

13.3.1 Direct Flame Incineration

13.3.2 Thermal Incineration

13.3.3 Catalytic Incineration

13.3.4 Energy Recuperation in Incineration

14 Control of Volatile Organic Compounds and Hazardous Air Pollutants by Condensation

14.1 Introduction

14.1.1 DESCRIPTION

14.1.2 Advantages

14.1.3 DisadVANTAGES

14.2 Volatile Organic Compounds Condensers

14.2.1 Contact Condensers

14.2.2 SURfACE Condensers

14.2.2.1 Example-Design Condensation Temperature to Achieve Desired Volatile Organic Compounds Recovery

14.3 Coolant And Heat Exchanger Type

14.3.1 Example—Heat Exchanger Area and Coolant Flow Rate

14.4 Mixtures of Organic Vapors

14.4.1 Example-Condensation of a Binary Mixture

14.5 Air As A Noncondensable

14.6 Systems-Based Approach for Designing Condensation Systems for Volatile Organic Compounds Recovery From Gaseous Emission Streams

Appendix 14A: Derivation of The Area Model for A Mixture Condensing From A Gas

Appendix 14B: Algorithm for The Area Model for A Mixture Condensing From A Gas

14B. 1 Calculation Procedure

14B.1.1 for Section Zero

14B.1.2 for Section One: First Temperature Segment

14B.1.3 for Section Two: Second Temperature Segment

14B1.4 for Each Succeeding Section

15 Control of Volatile Organic Compounds and Hazardous Air Pollutants by Biofiltration

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Theory of Biofilter Operation

15.3 Design Parameters And Conditions

15.3.1 Depth and Media of Biofiter Bed

15.3.2 Microorganisms

15.3.3 Oxygen SUPPIY

15.3.4 Inorganic Nutrient Suppiy

15.3.5 Moisture Content

15.3.6 Temperature

15.3.7 PH OF the BIOFIter

15.3.8 Loading and Removal Rates

15.3.9 Pressure Drop

15.3.10 Pretreatment of Gas Streams

15.4 Biofilter Compared To Other Available Control Technology

15.5 Successful Case Studies

15.6 Further Considerations

16 Membrane Separation

16.1 Overview

16.1.1 DESCRIPTION

16.1.2 AdVANTAGEs

16.1.3 Disadvantages

16.2 Polymeric Membranes

16.3 Performance

16.4 Applications

16.5 Membrane Systems Design

17 NOx Control

17.1 Nox From Combustion

17.1.1 Thermal NOx

17.1.2 Prompt NOx

17.1.3 Fuel NOx

17.2 Control Techniques

17.2.1 Combustion Control Techniques

17.2.1.1 Low Excess Air Firing

17.2.1.2 Overfire Air

17.2.1.3 Flue Gas Recirculation

17.2.1.4 Reduce Air Preheat

17.2.1.5 Reduce Firing Rate

17.2.1.6 Water/Steam Injection

17.2.1.7 Burners out of Service

17.2.1.8 Reburn

17.2.1.9 Low NOx Burners

17.2.1.10 Ultra Low NOxBurners

17.2.2 Flue Gas Treatment Techniques

17.2.2.1 Selective Noncatalytic Reduction

17.2.2.2 Selective Catalytic Reduction

17.2.2.3 Low Temperature Oxidation with Absorption

17.2.2.4 Catalytic Absorption

17.2.2.5 Corona-Induced Plasma

18 Control of SOx*

18.1 H2 S CONTROL

18.2 So2 (And Hcl) Removal

18.2.1 Reagents

18.2.1.1 Calcium-Based Reactions

18.2.1.2 Calcium-Based Reaction Products

18.2.1.3 Sodium-Based Reactions

18.2.1.3.1 Wet Sodium-Based Scrubbers

18.2.1.3.2 Dry Sodium-Based Systems

18.2.1.4 Sodium-Based Reaction Products

18.2.2 Capital versus Operating Costs

18.2.2.1 Operating Costs

18.2.3 SO2 Removal Processes

18.2.3.1 Wet Limestone

18.2.3.2 Wet Soda Ash or Caustic Soda

18.2.3.3 Lime Spray Drying

18.2.3.4 Circulating Lime Reactor

18.2.3.5 Sodium Bicarbonate/Sodium Sesquicarbonate Injection

18.2.3.6 Other SO2 Removal Processes

18.2.4 Example Evaluation

18.3 SO3 AND SULFURIC ACID

18.3.1 SO3 and H2SO4 Formation

18.3.2 Toxic Release InVentory

19 Fundamentals of Particulate Control

19.1 Particle Size Distribution

19.2 Aerodynamic Diameter

19.3 Cunningham Slip Correction

19.4 Collection Mechanisms

19.4.1 Basic Mechanisms: Impaction, Interception, and Diffusion

19.4.1.1 Impaction

19.4.1.2 Interception

19.4.1.3 Diffusion

19.4.2 Other Mechanisms

19.4.2.1 Electrostatic Attraction

19.4.2.2 Gravity

19.4.2.3 Centrifugal Force

19.4.2.4 Thermophoresis

19.4.2.5 Diffusiophoresis

20 Hood and Ductwork Design

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Hood Design

20.2.1 Flow Relationship for Various Types of Hoods

20.2.1.1 Enclosing Hoods

20.2.1.2 Rectangular or Round Hoods

20.2.1.3 Slot Hoods

20.2.1.4 Canopy Hoods

20.3 Duct Design

20.3.1 Selection of Minimum Duct Velocity

20.3.2 Mechanical Energy Balance

20.3.2.1 Velocity Head

20.3.2.2 Friction Head

20.4 Effect of Entrance Into A Hood

20.5 Total Energy Loss

20.6 Fan Power

20.7 HOOD-DUCT EXAMPLE

21 Cyclone Design

21.1 Collection Efficiency

21.1.1 Factors Affecting Collection Efficiency

21.1.2 Theoretical Collection Efficiency

21.1.3 Lappli’s Efficiency Correlation

21.1.4 Leith and Licht Efficiency Model

21.1.5 Comparison of Efficiency Model Results

21.2 Pressure Drop

21.3 Saltation

22 Design and Application of Wet Scrubbers

22.1 Introduction

22.2 COLLECTION MECHANISMS AND EFFICIENCY

22.3 COLLECTION MECHANISMS AND PARTICLE SIZE

22.4 Selection And Design of Scrubbers

22.5 Devices for Wet Scrubbing

22.6 Semrau Principle And Collection Efficiency

22.7 Model for Countercurrent Spray Chambers

22.7.1 Application to a Spray Tower

22.8 A Model for Venturi Scrubbers

22.9 Calvert Cut Diameter Design Technique

22.9.1 Example Calculation

22.9.2 Second Example Problem

22.10 Cut-Power Relationship

Appendix 22A: Calvert Performance Cut Diameter Data

23 Filtration and Baghouses

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Design Issues

23.3 Cleaning Mechanisms

23.3.1 Shake/Deflate

23.3.2 ReVerse AIr

23.3.3 Pulse Jet (High Pressure)

23.3.4 Pulse Jet (Low Pressure)

23.3.5 Sonic Horns

23.4 Fabric Properties

23.4.1 Woven Bags

23.4.2 Felted Fabric

23.4.3 Surface Treatment

23.4.4 Weight

23.4.5 Membrane Fabrics

23.4.6 Cataittic Membranes

23.4.7 Pleated Cartridges

23.4.8 Ceramic Candles

23.5 Baghouse Size

23.5.1 Alr-to-Сıoth Ratio

23.5.2 Can Velocity

23.6 Pressure Drop

23.7 Bag Life

23.7.1 Failure Modes

23.7.2 InLet Design

23.7.3 Startup Seasoning

23.8 Baghouse Design Theory

23.8.1 Design Considerations

23.8.2 Number of Compartments

23.8.3 Example Problem for a Baghouse Design

24 Electrostatic Precipitators

24.1 Early Development

24.2 Basic Theory

24.2.1 Corona Formation

24.2.2 Particle Charging

24.2.3 Particle Migration

24.2.4 Deutsch Equation

24.2.4.1 Sneakage

24.2.4.2 Rapping Re-Entrainment

24.2.4.3 Particulate Resistivity

24.2.4.4 Gas-Flow Distribution

24.3 Practical Application of Theory

24.3.1 Effective Migration Velocity

24.3.2 Automatic Voltage Controller

24.4 Flue Gas Conditioning

24.4.1 Humidification

24.4.2 SO3

24.4.3 АмMоліа

24.4.4 SO3 and Ammonia

24.4.5 Амmonium Sulfate

24.4.6 Proprietary Additives

24.5 Using V-I Curves for Troubleshooting

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