Analytical Gas Chromatography 2nd Edition by Walter Jennings, Eric Mittlefehldt, Phillip Stremple 012384357X 9780123843579

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ISBN 10: 012384357X 

ISBN 13: 9780123843579

Author: Walter Jennings, Eric Mittlefehldt, Phillip Stremple

Gas chromatography remains the world’s most widely used analytical technique, yet the expertise of a large proportion of chromatographers lies in other fields. Many users have little real knowledge of the variablesin the chromatographic process, the interaction between those variables, how they are best controlled, how the quality of their analytical results could be improved, and how analysis times can be shortened to facilitate the generation of a greater numberof more reliable results on the same equipment. An analyst with a more comprehensive understanding of chromatographic principles and practice, however, can often improve the quality of the data generated, reduce the analytical time, and forestall the needto purchase an additional chromatograph or another mass spectrometer.The Second Edition of Analytical Gas Chromatography is extensively revised with selected areas expanded and many new explanations and figures. The section on sample injection has been updated to include newer concepts of split, splitless, hot and cold on-column, programmed temperature vaporization, and large volume injections. Coverage of stationary phases now includes discussion, applications, and rationale of the increased thermal and oxidative resistance of the newly designed silarylenepolysiloxane polymers. Conventional and”extended range”polyethylene glycol stationary phases are examined from the viewpoints of temperature range and retention index reliabilities, and the chapter on”Variables”has been completely rewritten. The ways in which carrier gas velocity influences chromatographic performance is considered in detail, and includes what may be the first rational explanation of the seemingly anomalous effects that temperature exercises on gas viscosity (and gas flow). The practical effects that these changes cause to the chromatography is examined in pressure-, flow-, and”EPC-“regulated systems.”Column Selection, Installation, and Use”has been completely rewritten as well. The accuracy of theVan Deemter plots has been greatly enhanced; a new program corrects for the first time for the changes in gas density and diffusion that occur during the chromatographic process because of solute progression through the pressure drop of the column. A new section has also been added on meeting thespecial requirements of columns destined for mass spectral analysis. The chapter on”Special Applications”has been expanded to include considerations of”selectivity tuning,”of fast analysis, and the section of Applications has been thoroughly updated and expanded.

Key Features
* Incorporates nearly 60% new material
* Covers the newest concepts and materials for sample injection and stationary phases
* Presents detailed consideration of the influence of carrier gas velocity on practical aspects of chromatographic performance
* Contains a chapter on “Special Analytical Techniques” which includes consideration of selectivity tuning and fast analysis
* Provides a new section addressing the special requirements of columns to be used in mass spectral analysis
* Includes an improved program that greatly enhances the accuracy of the Van Deemter plots by more accurately depicting localized chromatographic conditions at each point in the column

Table of contents:

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Considerations
1.2 A Simplistic Approach
1.3 Simplistic Comparisons of Packed and Open Tubular Columns
1.4 A Simplified Theory of the Chromatographic Process
1.5 Separation of Components
1.6 Effect of Carrier Gas Velocity
References

CHAPTER 2. THE OPEN TUBULAR COLUMN
2.1 General Considerations
2.2 The Tubing
2.3 Sources of Activity
2.4 Structural Flaws
2.5 Flexible Columns of Conventional Glasses
2.6 Silanol Deactivation
2.7 Column Coating
References

CHAPTER 3. SAMPLE INJECTION
3.1 General Considerations
3.2 Extrachromatographic Phenomena Influencing Band Length
3.3 Chromatographic Factors Influencing Band Length
3.4 Hot Vaporizing Injection Methods
3.5 Programmed Temperature Vaporizing (PTV) Injector
3.6 On-Column Injection
3.7 Large-Volume Injection
3.8 Purge-and-Trap Sampling
3.9 Selecting the Proper Injection Mode
References

CHAPTER 4. THE STATIONARY PHASE
4.1 General Considerations
4.2 Stationary Phase Polarity and Selectivity
4.3 Polysiloxane Stationary Phases: General Comments
4.4 Dimethyl Siloxane Stationary Phases
4.5 Other Siloxane Stationary Phases
4.6 Aryl-Substituted Siloxanes
4.7 Bonded, Crosslinked, and/or Immobilized Stationary Phases
4.8 Polyethylene Glycol Stationary Phases
4.9 Enantiomer Separations
4.10 Other Special-Selectivity Stationary Phases
4.11 Gas–Solid Adsorption Columns
References

CHAPTER 5. VARIABLES IN THE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROCESS
5.1 General Considerations
5.2 Volumetric Column Flow
5.3 Carrier Gas Viscosity
5.4 Comparing Calculated to Experimental Volumetric Flows
5.5 Volumetric Column Flow and Average Linear Velocity
5.6 Regulation of Gas Flow and Gas Velocity
5.7 Average Linear Velocity and Chromatographic Efficiency
5.8 Calculating Reliable Estimates A, B, and C
5.9 Theory and Practice
5.10 Choice of Carrier Gas
5.11 The Effect of Solute Retention Factors
5.12 The Effect of Column Length and Inside Diameter
5.13 The Effect of Stationary Phase Film Thickness
5.14 The Effect of Stationary Phase Diffusivity
5.15 The Effects of Temperature
5.16 Optimum Practical Gas Velocity
5.17 Temperature-Programmed Conditions
5.18 Column Flow under Temperature-Programmed Conditions
5.19 Average Linear Velocity under Temperature-Programmed Conditions
5.20 Ds and DM under Temperature-Programmed Conditions
5.21 Solute Retention under Temperature-Programmed Conditions
5.22 Chromatographic Efficiency under Temperature-Programmed Conditions
5.23 Changes in Solute Elution Order
References

CHAPTER 6. COLUMN SELECTION, INSTALLATION, AND USE
6.1 General Considerations
6.2 Selecting the Stationary Phase
6.3 Stationary Phase Selectivity
6.4 Selecting the Column Diameter
6.5 Selecting the Column Length
6.6 Selecting the Stationary Phase Film Thickness
6.7 Column Installation
6.8 Column Conditioning
6.9 Optimizing Operational Parameters for Specific Columns
6.10 Columns for Mass Spectrometry
References

CHAPTER 7. INSTRUMENT CONVERSION AND ADAPTATION
7.1 General Considerations
7.2 Oven Considerations
7.3 Carrier Gas Considerations
7.4 Packed–Large-Diameter Open Tubular Column Conversion
7.5 Packed–Capillary Column Conversion
7.6 Makeup Gas Considerations
7.7 Inlet Deactivation
References

CHAPTER 8. SPECIAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
8.1 General Considerations
8.2 Flow Stream Switching
8.3 Multidimensional Chromatography
8.4 Recycle Chromatography
8.5 Specifically Designed Stationary Phases
8.6 Selectivity Tuning
8.7 Vapor Samples and Headspace Injections
8.8 Fast Analysis
References

CHAPTER 9. SELECTED APPLICATIONS
9.1 General Considerations
9.2 Food, Flavor, and Fragrance Applications
9.3 Petroleum- and Chemical-Related Applications
9.4 Environmental Applications
9.5 Biological and Medical Applications
References

CHAPTER 10. TROUBLESHOOTING
10.1 General Considerations
10.2 Use of Test Mixtures
10.3 Column Bleed
10.4 Temperature and Oxygen Effects
10.5 Column Rejuvenation
10.6 Peak Distortion
10.7 Other Sorptive Residues
10.8 Column Coupling and Junction Problems
10.9 Flame Jet Problems
10.10 Miscellaneous Chromatographic Problems
References

APPENDIX: ABBREVIATIONS, TERMS, AND NOMENCLATURE
A.1 Generic Terms and Nomenclature
A.2 Proprietary Terms

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