Attitudes and opinions 3rd Edition by Stuart Oskamp, Wesley Schultz 0805847693 9780805847697
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ISBN 10: 0805847693
ISBN 13: 9780805847697
Author: Stuart Oskamp, P. Wesley Schultz
Notable advances resulting from new research findings, measurement approaches, widespread uses of the Internet, and increasingly sophisticated approaches to sampling and polling, have stimulated a new generation of attitude scholars. This extensively revised edition captures this excitement, while remaining grounded in scholarly research. Attitudes and Opinions, 3/e maintains one of the main goals of the original edition–breadth of coverage. The book thoroughly reviews both implicit and explicit measures of attitudes, the structure and function of attitudes, the nature of public opinion and polling, attitude formation, communication of attitudes and opinions, and the relationship between attitudes and behaviors, as well as theories and research on attitude change. Over 2,000 references support the book’s scientific integrity. The authors’ second goal is to demonstrate the relevance of the topic to people’s lives. Subsequently, the second part of the book examines many of the topics and research findings that are salient in the world today–political and international attitudes (including terrorism), voting behavior, racism and prejudice, sexism and gender roles, and environmental attitudes. This thoroughly revised new edition features: *an entirely new chapter on implicit measures attitudes; *a new chapter on environmental attitudes; *updated opinion poll data throughout the book; *additional material on time trends in attitudes about many issues; and *expanded, updated sections on international attitudes reflecting the events of 9/11 and the subsequent invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. Attitudes and Opinions’ broad and interdisciplinary perspective makes this an ideal text in courses on attitudes, public opinion, survey research, or persuasion, taught in a variety of departments including psychology, communication, marketing, sociology, and political science.
Attitudes and opinions 3rd Table of contents:
I Approaches to Studying Attitudes and Opinions
1 Background: History and Concepts
Why Study Attitudes?
Five Ways of Studying Attitudes
Themes of This Book
Definitions of “Attitude”
Theoretical Views About Attitudes
Tri-Componential Viewpoint
Separate Entities Viewpoint
Latent Process Viewpoint
Attitudes Are Inferred
Attitudes May Be Constructed “On the Spot”
Related Concepts
Belief
Opinion
Value
Habit
Trait
What is Public Opinion?
Approaches to Attitude and Opinion Research
Summary
2 Social Perception and Social Cognition
Characteristics of Perception
Social Perception
Common Thought Processes
Heuristics
Biases
Conclusion
Stereotypes and Schemas
Formation of Stereotypes
Social Schemas
Automatic Social Cognition
Attribution Processes
Heider’s Theory of Naive Psychology
Jones and Davis’ Theory of Correspondent Inferences
Kelley’s Theory of Covariation
Causal Schemas
Bem’s Self-Perception Theory
Actor–Observer Differences
Self-Attributions, Self-Esteem, and Self-Presentation
Evaluation of Attribution Theory
Summary
3 Explicit Measures of Attitudes
Types of Attitude Questions
Attitude-Scaling Methods
Bogardus’ Social Distance Scale
Thurstone’s Method of Equal-Appearing Intervals
Likert’s Method of Summated Ratings
Guttman’s Cumulative Scaling Method
Osgood’s Semantic Differential
Final Comments on Attitude Scales
Reliability and Validity of Measurement
Problems Affecting the Validity of Attitude Scales
Carelessness
Social Desirability
Extremity of Response
Acquiescence (Yea-Saying)
The Bogus Pipeline
Other Ways of Measuring Explicit Attitudes
Graphical Scales
Observations of Behavior
Unobtrusive Measures
Performance on Objective Tasks
Summary
4 Implicit and Indirect Measures of Attitudes
Indirect Measures of Attitudes
Lack of Awareness—Studying Unconscious Processes
Reactions to Partially Structured Stimuli
Physiological Reactions
Implicit Measures of Attitudes
Attitudes as Object–Evaluation Associations
Determinants of Attitude Accessibility
Consequences of Accessible Attitudes
Control and Automaticity: Priming
Automatic Stereotyping
Dual-Process Models of Attitudes and Stereotypes
Implicit Associations
Methodological Issues
Some IAT Results
The Relationship Between IAT Measures and Explicit Measures
Summary
5 Structure and Functions of Attitudes and Beliefs
Functions of Attitudes
Attitude Activation
Attitude Change
Evaluation of Functional Viewpoints
The Structure of Beliefs
Centrality and Intensity of Beliefs
Primitive Beliefs
Syllogistic Structure of Beliefs
The Structure of Attitudes
Valence and Complexity of Attitudes
Strength and Ambivalence of Attitudes
Relationship of Various Attitude Components
Prediction of Behavioral Intentions
Overview
A Different Approach—Attitude Latitudes
Research Findings on Attitude Latitudes
Assimilation and Contrast
Summary
6 Public Opinion Polling
Historical Highlights of Polling
Characteristics of Opinion Polls
Sampling Procedures
Telephone Polling
On-Line Polling
Problems in Public Opinion Polling
Famous Polling Failures
Sampling Problems
Question Wording and Context
Memory Errors
Social Desirability Needs of Respondents
Nonresponse Rate
Lack of Anonymity of Responses
Interviewer Effects on Responses
Other Practical Problems
Reasons for Famous Polling Failures
Impact of Polls in Politics and Government
Criticisms of Political Polling
Defenses of Political Polling
Summary
7 The Structure of Public Opinion
The Extent of Public Information
Knowledge About Public Affairs
The Elitist View of Public Opinion
Use of Ideological Concepts
Relationships Between Beliefs About Specific Issues
Importance of Groups in Political Belief Systems
Stability of Beliefs Over Time
Every Issue Has Its Own Public
The Mass-Politics View of Public Opinion
Core Values Instead of Ideologies
A Search for Other Ideological Dimensions
Measurement Problems
Use of Heuristics
Emphasis on Parties Instead of Issues
Attitude Structure on Local Issues
Salient Issues—A Better Methodology
Temporal Increases in Ideology
Increases in Attitude Consistency?
Resolution of the Controversy
Summary
8 Formation of Attitudes and Opinions
What Leads to Attitude Formation?
Genetic and Physiological Factors
Direct Personal Experience
Salient Incidents
Repeated Exposure
Parental Influence
Development of Political Attitudes
Group Determinants of Attitudes
Schools
Peer Groups
Conformity Pressures
Reference Groups
Mass Media
Learning Processes in Attitude Formation
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning—Imitation or Modeling
Information Integration
Persuasion
Summary
9 Communication of Attitudes and Opinions
Early Studies of Communication and Propaganda
Factors in Persuasive Communication
Persuasive Effects of the Mass Media
Studies of Exposure
Is There Selective Exposure to Communications?
Studies of Attention
Studies of Comprehension
Studies of Acceptance or Yielding
Studies of Retention
Studies of Action
Persuasive Effects of Personal Communication
Studies of Personal Communication
The Flow of Communication
Other Effects of Mass Media
The Media Define Reality
The Media Determine the Public Agenda
The Media Confer Prestige
Summary
10 Attitude-Change Theories and Research: Methodology; Learning and Judgment Approaches
Types of Attitude-Change Research
Methodological Issues
Research Design
Measurement Methods
Demand Characteristics
Subject Effects
Experimenter Effects
Deception and Suspicion
Why have Theories?
Learning Approaches to Attitude Change
Conditioning Theories of Attitude Change
Bem’s Behavioral Theory
Hovland’s Communication Research Program
Research on Source Credibility
Research on Fear Appeals
Research on Personality and Persuasibility
Research on Persistence of Attitude Change
Evaluation of Learning Approaches
Judgment Approaches to Attitude Change
Sherif and Hovland’s Social Judgment Theory
Research Related to Social Judgment Theory
Evaluation of Social Judgment Theory
Summary
11 Attitude Change: Cognitive Theories and Research
Consistency Theroies
Heider’s Balance Theory
Osgood and Tannebaum’s Congruity Theory
Research on Consistency Principles
Evaluation of Consistency Theories
Dissonance Theory
Nature of Dissonance Theory
Areas of Application of the Theory
Bem’s Critique of Dissonance Theory
Impression Management Theory
Other Research Related to Dissonance Theory
Evaluation of Dissonance Theory
Reactance Theory
Attribution Theories And Attitude Change
Cognitive Response Theories
Theoretical Principles
Research Findings
Central Versus Peripheral Routes to Persuasion
Evaluation of Cognitive Response Approaches
A Final Comment on Theories
Summary
12 Attitude—Behavior Consistency and Related Issues
Attitudes and Behavior
A Famous Early Study
Pseudo Inconsistency
How Much Consistency?
Methodological Improvements
Explaining Variations in Attitude—Behavior Consistency
Models for Understanding the Attitude—Behavior Linkage
The Effect of Behavior on Attitudes
Attitudes and Personality
Classic Studies of Attitudes and Personality
Methodological Critiques
More Recent Findings
Overview
Laboratory Research Versus Field Research
The Importance of Field Research
Ethical Problems in Attitude Research
Public Opinion and Public Policy
Should Public Opinion Affect Public Policy?
Does Public Opinion Affect Public Policy?
Uses for Social Science Research
Summary
II Public Opinion on Socially Important Topics
13 Political Attitudes I
Presidential Popularity
Concerns of Citizens
Trust in Government
The Quality of Life
Political Attitudes of Population Subgroups
Recent Research Findings
Sources of Political Attitudes
Attitudes Toward Civil Liberties
Liberal-Conservative Ideology
Ideological Conservatism but Operational Liberalism
Leading Public Opinion Versus Following it
Summary
14 Political Attitudes II: Voting
Some Determinants of Individual Voting Decisions
Cross-Pressures
Personal Influences
Party Identification
Candidate Images
Issue Positions
Effects of Political Persuasion on Voting
Problems in Political Persuasion
Campaign Expenditures
Television
Newspapers
Personal Contact
Other Types of Public Exposure
Factors Affecting Aggregate Voting
Typical Aggregate Voting Patterns
Flaws in the Voting System
Switchers and Standpatters
The “Normal” Vote
Party Dominance and Realignment
Classification of Elections
Another Realigning Period?
Predicting the Vote
Summary
15 International Attitudes
The Ignorant Public
Children’s Views of Foreign Peoples
Development of Children’s Attitudes
Adults’ Views of Foreign Peoples
Foreigners’ Views of the U.S.
The Meaning of “Socialism” and “Capitalism”
U.S. Attitudes About Foreign Policy
Images of the USSR
Changes in Images of the USSR
Internationalism Versus Isolationism
Nationalism Versus Patriotism
Attitudes Concerning War
Nuclear War Attitudes
Attitudes Toward Limited Military Interventions
Public Opinion About the Korean and Vietnam Wars
Attitudes Toward Terrorism
American Public Opinion About Terrorism
Other Dimensions of Opinions About Terrorism
Public Opinion About the Iraq War
Who Holds Which International Attitudes?
Isolationism
Attitudes Concerning War
Attitudes of the Mass Public Versus Elites
How do International Attitudes Change?
Research on International Attitudes
Summary
16 Racism and Prejudice
Background of Race Relations in the U.S.
What is Racism?
Children’s Racial Attitudes
Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes
Racial Stereotypes in the Mass Media
The Nature of Ethnic Prejudice
Intergroup Biases
White Racial Attitudes About Blacks
Four Aspects of Racial Attitudes
Theories of White Racial Attitudes
Modern Racism
Symbolic Racism
Aversive Racism
Realistic Group Conflict
Opposition to Government Intervention
Affirmative Action, a Controversial Policy Issue
Implicit Racial Attitudes
Which Whites Hold Which Attitudes?
Personality
Demography
Racial Attitudes of Black Americans
The Circumstances and Goals of Blacks
Principles of Equality, and Social Distance
Implementation of Principles of Equality
Explanations for Inequality
The Distribution of Black Racial Attitudes
Changing Racial Attitudes
Levels and Variables in Combating Prejudice
Experimental Studies of Racial Attitude Change
Summary
17 Gender-Role Attitudes
Sexism and Racism
Origins of Gender Roles—Biological or Cultural?
Traditional Gender Roles and Stereotypes
The Female Role
The Male Role
Influences of Gender Stereotypes on Behavior
Sources of Gender-Role Attitudes
Parents, Teachers, and Peers
Psychotherapists
History, Sociology, and Marriage and Family Textbooks
Children’s Literature
Everyday Language
The Mass Media
Trends Over Time in Gender-Role Attitudes
Women’s Rights and Equality
A Woman for President?
Women and Work
Questionnaire Studies of Women’s Roles
Attitudes Toward the Women’s Movement
Changes in Gender Attitudes Around the World
Aspects of Current Gender-Role Attitudes
Sex-Typed Personality Traits
Traditional, Modern, and Benevolent Sexism
Marital Roles
Changes in the Male Role
Summary
18 Environmental Attitudes
A Historical Overview
Why Did the Environmental Movement Arise?
What are the Main Environmental Problems?
Overconsumption
Pollution
Population Growth
Attitudes About Pollution and Energy
Concern About Pollution
Public Opinion About Energy
Why do People Care? Worldviews and Values
Types of Environmental Values
Determinants of Environmental Attitudes
Rational Choice Models
Postmaterialist Values
Other Values
Group Differences in Environmental Attitudes
Demographic Variables Associated with Environmental Concern
Significant Life Experiences
From Attitudes to Actions
Summary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
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