Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders 2nd Edition by Fred Volkmar 0521549574 9780521549578

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ISBN 10: 0521549574

ISBN 13: 9780521549578

Author: Fred R. Volkmar

Featuring contributions from leading authorities in the clinical and social sciences, this thoroughly revised and updated new edition reflects the most recent progress in the understanding of autism and related conditions, and offers an international perspective on the present state of the discipline. Chapters cover current approaches to definition and diagnosis; prevalence and planning for service delivery; cognitive, genetic, and neurobiological features; and pathophysiological mechanisms. There is a new chapter covering communication issues. Interventions reviewed include the pharmacological, behavioral, and educational, and a thoughtful final chapter addresses the nature of the fundamental social disturbance that characterizes autism.

Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders 2nd Table of contents:

1 Diagnosis and definition of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders

Introduction

Development of diagnostic concepts

Kanner?s description of autism

Early studies and false leads for research

?Nonautistic? pervasive developmental disorders

Childhood disintegrative disorder

Asperger?s disorder

Rett?s disorder

Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified: atypical autism

Approaches to the diagnosis of autism

Definitions of autism subsequent to Kanner

The categorical definition of autism

DSM-III

DSM-III-R

ICD-10

DSM-IV

Dimensional approaches to diagnosis

Differential diagnosis of autism and related conditions

Summary

Acknowledgments

APPENDIX 1.A

ICD-10 definitions of autism and related pervasive developmental disorders

Childhood autism (F84.0)

F84.1 Atypical autism

F84.10 Atypicality in age of onset

F84.11 Atypicality in symptomatology

F84.12 Atypicality in both age of onset and symptomatology

DSM-IV Criteria for autistic disorder (299.0)

REFERENCES

2 Epidemiological surveys of pervasive developmental disorders

Introduction

The design of epidemiological surveys

The selection of studies

Survey descriptions

Characteristics of autistic samples

Prevalence estimations for autistic disorder

Associated medical conditions

Rates of other pervasive developmental disorders

Unspecified PDDs: PDD-NOS

Asperger?s syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorder

Prevalence for combined PDDs

Time trends

1 Referral statistics

2 Comparison of cross-sectional epidemiological surveys

3 Repeat surveys in defined geographical areas

4 Successive birth cohorts

5 Incidence studies

Other correlates

Autism, race, and immigrant status

Autism and social class

Cluster reports

Conclusion

REFERENCES

3 Psychological factors in autism

Introduction

Sensorimotor and perceptual development

Motor development

Attention

General intellectual function

Academic functioning

Idiot savant or splinter abilities

Memory

Short-term, rote, and recognition memory

Primary versus recency effects

Free versus cued recall

Other patterns: the role of organization and meaning

Working memory

Social development and behavior

Emotion and face perception

Language

Theory of mind

Executive function

Central coherence

Conclusion

REFERENCES

4 Communication and its development in autism spectrum disorders

Introduction

The first year of life

The toddler years

Preschool development

Later language development

Older nonspeakers with autism spectrum disorder

Assessing communication

Intervention for communication

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

5 Genetic epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders

Introduction

Variable expressivity and pleiotropy

Conclusion

Etiological and genetic heterogeneity in ASD

Conclusion

Possible genetic models

Multilocus models

Candidate genes and association studies

Genome-wide scans

Modifier genes

Conclusion

REFERENCES

6 The neurobiology of autism

Introduction

Neurology and related conditions

Neurological dysfunction

Pre- and perinatal conditions

EEG abnormalities and seizure disorders in autism

Neuroanatomy and brain imaging studies

Neuroanatomical findings

Findings of brain imaging studies

Cerebellum and MRI studies

Other brain abnormalities in MRI studies

Functional abnormalities in the brain (fMRI, PET, and SPECT studies)

Neurochemistry

Serotonin

Dopamine

Opioid peptides

Adrenergic function and stress

Neurophysiology

Brainstem auditory-evoked responses

Event-related potentials

Other medical conditions

REFERENCES

7 Psychopharmacology

Introduction

Drugs affecting dopamine function

Haloperidol

Psychostimulants

Atypical antipsychotic agents

Risperidone

Olanzapine

Quetiapine

Ziprasidone

Clozapine

Drugs affecting serotonin function

Fenfluramine

Clomipramine

Fluvoxamine

Paroxetine

Fluoxetine

Sertraline

Citalopram

Buspirone

Mirtazapine

Tianeptine

Inositol

Venlafaxine

Drugs affecting norepinephrine function

Beta-adrenergic blockers

Clonidine

Guanfacine

Lofexidine

Drugs affecting glutamate function

Lamotrigine

Amantadine

D-Cycloserine

Mood stabilizers

Divalproex sodium

Lithium

Other therapeutic agents

Carnosine

Dimethylglycine

Donepezil

Levetiracetam

Naltrexone

Oxytocin

Secretin

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

8 Behavioral and educational approaches to the pervasive developmental disorders

Behavioral assessment

Teaching new skills

Language

Social skills

Decreasing maladaptive behavior

Early intervention

Controversial treatments

Facilitated communication

Auditory integration training

Role of the family

Conclusion

9 The outcome in adult life for people with ASD

Accounts of adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

The first descriptive studies

Asperger?s accounts

Autobiographical writings

Early follow-up reports

Later follow-up studies

Follow-up studies of high-functioning people with autism and Asperger?s syndrome

What can studies of outcome in adult life tell us?

Factors related to outcome

Are there differences in outcome between individuals with autism and Asperger?s syndrome?

How great is the risk of deterioration in adulthood?

Psychiatric disturbances in adulthood

Autism and schizophrenia

Affective disorders

Other psychotic conditions

Case studies of psychiatric disorder among individuals with autistic spectrum disorders

Are higher-functioning individuals at greater risk of psychiatric disturbance?

Other disorders

Epilepsy

Suicide and other causes of death

Is there a link between autism and criminality?

Estimates of offending by people with autism or Asperger?s syndrome

Causes of offending

How far can early interventions affect outcome in adult life?

Conclusion

REFERENCES

10 Autism, social neuroscience, and endophenotypes

Introduction

QUESTION 1: TO WHAT EXTENT ARE HUMAN SOCIAL BEHAVIORS INNATELY DETERMINED?

QUESTION 2: WHAT HAS SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH DISCOVERED ABOUT HUMAN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND COGNITI

1 Hormones in brain?body circuits that regulate social attachment

2 Prefrontal cortex mirror neurons that guide motor imitative learning

3 Neurochemical circuits and brain loci that determine the ability to experience and express one?s o

4 Neocortical and subcortical tissues that become specialized to distinguish faces, facial expressio

5 Possible brain systems that support forms of complex social cognition

6 Cortical and subcortical tissues that understand and produce syntactic language

QUESTION 3: WHAT CAN THESE SIX GROUPS OF BRAIN ADAPTATIONS FOR SOCIAL BEHAVIOR TELL US ABOUT THE DIA

CONCLUSION: SIX SOCIAL ENDOPHENOTYPES SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN AUTISM DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

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