Basics of Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology 2nd Edition by Michael G Maxfield,Earl Babbie ISBN 0495503851 978-0495503859

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Product details:

ISBN 10: 0495503851

ISBN 13:  978-0495503859

Author: Michael G. Maxfield, Earl Babbie

 This brief introduction to research methods combines accessibility and a conversational writing style with Michael G. Maxfield’s expertise in criminology and criminal justice. In fewer than 400 pages, the text introduces you to the basics of criminal justice research utilizing real data and featuring coverage of such key issues as ethics, causation, validity, field research, and research design.

Table of contents:

 Preface
An Introduction to Criminal Justice Inquiry
Criminal Justice and Scientific Inquiry
Introduction
Home Detention
What Is This Book About?
Two Realities
The Role of Science
Personal Human Inquiry
Tradition
Authority
Arrest and Domestic Violence
Errors in Personal Human Inquiry
Inaccurate Observation
Overgeneralization
Selective Observation
Illogical Reasoning
Ideology and Politics
To Err Is Human
Foundations of Social Science
Theory, Not Philosophy or Belief
Regularities
What about Exceptions?
Aggregates, Not Individuals
A Variable Language
Variables and Attributes
Variables and Relationships
Purposes of Research
Exploration
Description
Explanation
Application
Differing Avenues for Inquiry
Idiographic and Nomothetic Explanations
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Quantitative and Qualitative Data
Knowing through Experience: Summing Up and Looking Ahead
Main Points
Ethics and Criminal Justice Research
Introduction
Ethical Issues in Criminal Justice Research
No Harm to Participants
Ethics and Extreme Field Research
Voluntary Participation
Anonymity and Confidentiality
Deceiving Subjects
Analysis and Reporting
Legal Liability
Special Problems
Promoting Compliance with Ethical Principles
Codes of Professional Ethics
Institutional Review Boards
Institutional Review Board Requirements and Researcher Rights
Ethics and Juvenile Gang Members
Ethical Controversies
The Stanford Prison Experiment
Discussion Examples
Main Points
Structuring Criminal Justice Inquiry
General Issues in Research Design
Introduction
Causation in the Social Sciences
Criteria for Causality
Necessary and Sufficient Causes
Validity and Causal Inference
Statistical Conclusion Validity
Internal Validity
External Validity
Construct Validity
Validity and Causal Inference Summarized
Does Drug Use Cause Crime?
Causation and Declining Crime in New York City
Introducing Scientific Realism
Units of Analysis
Individuals
Groups
Organizations
Social Artifacts
The Ecological Fallacy
Units of Analysis in Review
Units of Analysis in the National Youth Gang Survey
The Time Dimension
Cross-Sectional Studies
Longitudinal Studies
Approximating Longitudinal Studies
The Time Dimension Summarized
How to Design a Research Project
The Research Process
Getting Started
Conceptualization
Choice of Research Method
Operationalization
Population and Sampling
Observations
Analysis
Application
Research Design in Review
The Research Proposal
Elements of a Research Proposal
Answers to the Units-of-Analysis Exercise
Main Points
Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement
Introduction
Conceptions and Concepts
Conceptualization
Indicators and Dimensions
What Is Recidivism?
Creating Conceptual Order
Operationalization Choices
Measurement as Scoring
Jail Stay
Exhaustive and Exclusive Measurement
Levels of Measurement
Implications of Levels of Measurement
Criteria for Measurement Quality
Reliability
Validity
Measuring Crime
General Issues in Measuring Crime
Units of Analysis and Measuring Crime
Measures Based on Crimes Known to Police
Victim Surveys
Surveys of Offending
Measuring Crime Summary
Composite Measures
Typologies
An Index of Disorder
Measurement Summary
Main Points
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
Introduction
The Classical Experiment
Independent and Dependent Variables
Pretesting and Posttesting
Experimental and Control Groups
Double-Blind Experiments
Selecting Subjects
Randomization
Experiments and Causal Inference
Experiments and Threats to Validity
Threats to Internal Validity
Ruling Out Threats to Internal Validity
Generalizability and Threats to Validity
Variations in the Classical Experimental Design
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Nonequivalent-Groups Designs
Cohort Designs
Time-Series Designs
Variations in Time-Series Designs
Variable-Oriented Research and Scientific Realism
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs Summarized
Main Points
Modes of Observation
Sampling
Survey Research and Other Ways of Asking Questions
Field Research
Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data
Application and Analysis
Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis
Interpreting Data
Glossary
References
Name Index

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