Bioavailability Bioaccessibility and Mobility of Environmental Contaminants 1st Edition by John Dean 0470025778 9780470025772

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ISBN 10: 0470025778 

ISBN 13: 9780470025772

Author: John R. Dean

This book covers all aspects of bioavailability, as related to environmental contaminants. After a discussion of the definition of bioavailability and its context, focus is placed on the role of risk assessment and bioavailability. Methods of analysis are then discussed including a range of atomic spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques for metal analysis and chromatographic approaches for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The occurrence, properties and eco-toxicity of POPs and metals in the soil/sediment environment are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the uptake of POPs and metals by plants (phytoextraction). Examples of POPs and metals in the environment are reviewed.

Methods to assess the bioavailability of POPs and metals in the environment are discussed. The particular approaches considered are:

• non-exhaustive extraction techniques
• single extraction techniques
• sequential extraction techniques
• use of cyclodextrin and surfactants
• in-vitro gastrointestinal methods including physiological-based extraction test
• the use of bioasssays including earthworms.

Finally, selected case studies highlight the importance of determining the bioavailability of POPs and metals.

Bioavailability Bioaccessibility and Mobility of Environmental Contaminants 1st Table of contents:

1 Contaminated Land and the Link to Human Health
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Soil Guideline Values
 1.2.1 Residential
 1.2.2 Allotments
 1.2.3 Commercial/Industrial
1.3 Risk to Humans
1.4 An Approach to Assess Contaminated Soils Relative to Soil Guideline Values
 1.4.1 Mean-Value Test
 1.4.2 Maximum-Value Test
References

2 Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Elemental Analysis of Environmental Contaminants
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sample Preparation for Elemental Analysis
 2.2.1 Solid Samples
 2.2.2 Liquid Samples
2.3 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
2.4 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
2.5 Inorganic Mass Spectrometry
 2.5.1 Interferences in ICP–MS
2.6 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
2.7 Electrochemistry
2.8 Hyphenated Techniques
2.9 Comparison of Elemental Analytical Techniques
2.10 Selected Resources on Elemental Analytical Techniques
 2.10.1 Specific Books on Atomic Spectroscopy
 2.10.2 Specific Books on Electroanalytical Techniques

3 Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis of Environmental Contaminants
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sample Preparation for Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis
 3.2.1 Solid Samples
 3.2.2 Liquid Samples
3.3 Gas Chromatography
3.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography
3.5 Interfacing Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
3.6 Comparison of Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical Techniques
3.7 Selected Resources on Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical Techniques
 3.7.1 Specific Books on Chromatography

4 Methods Used to Assess Bioavailability of Metals
4.1 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for Metals
4.2 Single Extraction Methods for Metals
4.3 Sequential Extraction Techniques for Metals
4.4 Earthworms
 4.4.1 Earthworms in Bioavailability Studies
 4.4.2 Chemical-Extraction Methods to Estimate Bioavailability of Metals by Earthworms
4.5 Plant Uptake
4.6 Certified Reference Materials
References

5 Methods Used to Assess Bioavailability of Persistent Organic Pollutants
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for POPs
 5.2.1 Selective or ‘Mild-Solvent’ Extraction
 5.2.2 Cyclodextrin Extraction
 5.2.3 Supercritical-Fluid Extraction
 5.2.4 Other Approaches
5.3 Earthworm Studies
 5.3.1 Chemical-Extraction Methods Used to Estimate the Bioavailability of POPs by Earthworms
5.4 Plant Uptake
References

6 Methods Used to Assess Oral Bioaccessibility
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Introduction to Human Physiology
6.3 Considerations in the Design and Development of a Simulated in vitro Gastrointestinal Extraction Method
 6.3.1 Design of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method
 6.3.2 Development of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method
6.4 Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Metals
6.5 Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Persistent Organic Pollutants
6.6 Validity for Measuring Bioaccessibility
References

7 Selected Case Studies on Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility of Environmental Contaminants
7.1 Bioavailability of Metals by Plants
 7.1.1 Background
 7.1.2 Experimental
 7.1.3 Results and Discussion
 7.1.4 Conclusions
 7.1.5 Specific References
7.2 Bioaccessibility of Metals from Plants
 7.2.1 Background
 7.2.2 Experimental
 7.2.3 Results and Discussion
 7.2.4 Conclusions
7.3 Bioavailability of POPs by Plants
 7.3.1 Background
 7.3.2 Experimental
 7.3.3 Results and Discussion
 7.3.4 Conclusions
7.4 Bioaccessibility of POPs from Plants
 7.4.1 Background
 7.4.2 Experimental
 7.4.3 Results and Discussion
 7.4.4 Conclusions

8 Recording of Information and Selected Resources
8.1 Safety
8.2 Recording of Information in the Laboratory
 8.2.1 Introduction
 8.2.2 Examples of Data Sheets
8.3 Selected Resources

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