Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering in Urology 1st Edition by John Denstedt, Anthony Atala 1439801770 9781439801772
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ISBN 10: 1439801770
ISBN 13: 9781439801772
Author: John Denstedt, Anthony Atala
Urology is the branch of medicine dealing with disorders or diseases of the male genitor-urinary tract and the female urinary tract. This important book summarises the wealth of recent research on the use of biomaterials and tissue engineering to treat urological disorders.
Part one reviews the fundamentals with chapters on such topics as biofilms and encrustation formation. Part two then discusses recent advances in biomaterials and design of urological devices such as metal ureteral stents, self-lubricating catheter materials and penile implants. Chapters in Part three address urological tissue engineering with coverage of themes such as artificial and natural biomaterials, nano-technology and placental stem cells for tissue engineering the regeneration of urological tissue and organs.
With its eminent editors and international team of contributors, Biomaterials and tissue engineering in urology is an invaluable resource to researchers of urological biomaterials, devices and regenerative medicine in both industry and academia, as well as an important reference for medical practitioners.
- Provides a comprehensive review of biomaterials and tissue engineering in urology
- Explores the fundamentals of urology, focusing on biofilms and encrustation and formation
- Discusses recent advances in biomaterials and the design of urological devices, catheters and stents
Table of contents:
Part I Fundamentals
1 Introduction to biofilms in urology
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What are biofilms and why do they form?
1.3 Biofilm formation and structure
1.4 Biofilms in general medicine
1.5 Biofilms in urology
1.6 Biofilm shedding and migration: infection spread and recurrence
1.7 Resistance to host factors and antibiotics
1.8 Current and future biofilm prevention and treatment strategies
1.9 Future trends
1.10 Conclusions
1.11 Sources of further information and advice
1.12 References
2 In vivo models for ureteral stents
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Commonly used animal models
2.3 Conclusion and future trends
2.4 References
3 Models for the assessment of biofilm and encrustation formation on urological materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Development of urinary encrustation
3.3 Assessment of biomaterial encrustation – in vitro models
3.4 Dynamic flow-through models
3.5 Batch flow or ‘static’ models
3.6 Dynamic continuous flow models
3.7 The MBEC-BEST™ assay
3.8 Conclusions
3.9 References
Part II Materials and design of urological devices
4 Ureteral stents: design and materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Current stent biomaterials
4.3 Stent coatings
4.4 Stent design
4.5 Drug-eluting stents
4.6 Conclusions and future trends
4.7 References
5 Metal stents in the upper urinary tract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types of metal stents in the upper urinary tract
5.3 Applications of metal stents
5.4 Insertion techniques
5.5 Complications and problems
5.6 Virtual endoscopy and metal stents
5.7 Extra-urinary drainage of the upper urinary tract
5.8 Future trends
5.9 References
6 Coated ureteral stents
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methods
6.3 Results
6.4 Discussion
6.5 Conclusions
6.6 Acknowledgement
6.7 References
7 Proteus mirabilis biofilm formation and catheter design
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Virulence factors
7.3 Epidemiology of Proteus mirabilis infections
7.4 The process of crystalline biofilm formation on catheters
7.5 Antimicrobials in the prevention of catheter encrustation
7.6 Factors that modulate the rate of biofilm formation on catheters
7.7 Urease inhibitors
7.8 Catheter design
7.9 Future trends
7.10 Conclusions
7.11 Sources of further information and advice
7.12 References
8 Self-lubricating catheter materials
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Silicone chemistry
8.3 Self-lubricating silicone biomaterials
8.4 Performance characteristics of self-lubricating silicone biomaterials
8.5 Bioactive lubricious silicones
8.6 Biomimetic lubricious silicones
8.7 Toxicity and regulatory issues
8.8 Conclusions
8.9 References
9 Temporary urethral stents
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Indications for the use of stents
9.3 Non-degradable temporary urethral stents
9.4 Biodegradable urethral stents
9.5 Future trends
9.6 References
10 Penile implants
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Historical aspects of penile prosthesis development
10.3 Biomaterials in current use
10.4 Device infection
10.5 Erosion resistance
10.6 Summary
10.7 Future trends
10.8 References
Part III Urological tissue engineering
11 Artificial biomaterials for urological tissue engineering
11.1 Introduction
11.2 History of synthetic biomaterials used in urology
11.3 Synthetic scaffolds
11.4 Smart biomaterials
11.5 Future trends
11.6 References
12 Natural biomaterials for urological tissue engineering
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Historical application of natural biomaterials
12.3 Fundamental biomaterials
12.4 Collagen-based extracellular matrices
12.5 Future trends
12.6 Sources of further information and advice
12.7 References
13 Nanotechnology and urological tissue engineering
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Rationale for nanomaterials in engineering tissue
13.3 Use of nanomaterials as biomaterials
13.4 Use of nanomaterials for aiding cell tracking
13.5 Use of nanomaterials to improve drug delivery
13.6 Conclusions
13.7 Future trends
13.8 Source of further information and advice
13.9 References
14 Assessing the performance of tissue-engineered urological implants
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The bladder
14.3 Evaluation of engineered or regenerating tissues in vitro
14.4 Bladder tissue engineering and regeneration
14.5 Conclusions and future trends
14.6 References
15 Regenerative pharmacology and bladder regeneration
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Endogenous bladder regeneration
15.3 Construction of a tissue or organ
15.4 Development of an engineered bladder
15.5 Implantation of the bladder construct in preclinical studies
15.6 Preliminary clinical experience with neobladders
15.7 Conclusions
15.8 Acknowledgement
15.9 References
16 Autologous cell sources for urological applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Fully differentiated cells for urological reconstruction
16.3 Stem/progenitor cells for urological reconstruction
16.4 Cell tracking technology
16.5 Conclusions
16.6 Acknowledgements
16.7 References
17 Embryonic stem cells, nuclear transfer and parthenogenesis-derived stem cells for urological reco
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Principles of tissue engineering
17.3 Stem cells: overview
17.4 Embryonic stem cells
17.5 Nuclear transfer
17.6 Parthenogenesis
17.7 Induced pluripotent stem cells
17.8 Conclusion and future trends
17.9 References
18 Amniotic fluid and placental stem cells as a source for urological regenerative medicine
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Amniocentesis
18.3 Differentiated cells from amniotic fluid
18.4 Mesenchymal stem cells from amniotic fluid
18.5 Amniotic fluid-derived stem cells
18.6 Conclusions
18.7 References
19 The use of adipose progenitor cells in urology
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Nomenclature and origin of adipose progenitor cells
19.3 Isolation procedures
19.4 Molecular characterization
19.5 Differentiation capacity of adipose-derived stem cells
19.6 Applications in the field of urology
19.7 Future trends
19.8 References
20 Regenerative medicine of the urinary sphincter via an endoscopic approach
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Neurophysiology of stress urinary incontinence
20.3 Stem cell source for the injection therapy of stress urinary incontinence
20.4 Role of muscle-derived stem cells in the delivery of neurotrophic factors
20.5 Injection technique
20.6 Current results of clinical studies
20.7 Conclusions
20.8 Acknowledgements
20.9 References
21 Regenerative medicine of the urinary sphincter via direct injection
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Challenges with muscle precursor cell transfer
21.3 The direct myofiber implantation procedure
21.4 Direct injection of muscle precursor cells using minced muscle
21.5 Conclusions and future trends
21.6 References
22 Regenerative medicine for the urethra
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Synthetic scaffolds
22.3 Biological (natural) polymers
22.4 Conclusions
22.5 Acknowledgement
22.6 References
23 Penile reconstruction
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Basic principles of penile tissue engineering
23.3 Engineering of functional corporal tissue
23.4 Engineered penile prosthesis
23.5 Reconstruction of the tunica albuginea
23.6 Summary and future trends
23.7 Acknowledgement
23.8 References
24 Tissue engineering in reproductive medicine
24.1 Tissue engineering of the vagina
24.2 Methods of vaginal tissue reconstitution
24.3 Tissue engineering of the uterus
24.4 Methods of uterine tissue reconstitution
24.5 Tissue engineering of the ovarian tissue
24.6 Method for culturing follicles
24.7 Conclusions
24.8 Acknowledgements
24.9 References
25 Regenerative medicine of the kidney
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Basic components of renal tissue engineering
25.3 Approaches for the regeneration of renal tissue
25.4 Cell-based therapy for kidney disease
25.5 Summary
25.6 Acknowledgement
25.7 References
26 Stem cells and kidney regeneration
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Endogenous stem cells
26.3 Exogenous stem cells
26.4 Conclusions
26.5 References
27 Techniques for engineering bladder tissue
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Cells used in tissue engineering
27.3 Biomaterials used in tissue engineering
27.4 Bladder repair and replacement: current and future technologies
27.5 Summary and conclusions
27.6 References
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