Carrier mediated dermal delivery applications in the prevention and treatment of skin disorders 1st Edition by Andreia Ascenso, Helena Ribeiro, Sandra Simões 9814745588 9789814745581

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ISBN 10: 9814745588

ISBN 13: 9789814745581

Author: Andreia Ascenso, Helena Ribeiro, Sandra Simões

This book presents new approaches for skin aging and photocarcinogenesis and topical formulations based on nanocarrier systems for skin disorders. It discusses cosmeceuticals, laser, photodynamic therapy, and melatonin-based treatments as important strategies for photoaging management. Photodynamic therapy and melatonin can be used in the photocarcinogenesis context, too. Therefore, the inclusion of this strong antioxidant in sunscreen products could be a promising approach. The book discusses topical formulations, including emulsions (conventional formulations and emulsions stabilized by solid particles), nail films, and nanocarriers used for the delivery of actives in various skin and nail diseases such as acne, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, fungal diseases, leishmaniasis, and skin cancer. Finally, several nanocarriers are introduced, such as lipid vesicles (ranging from the first-generation conventional liposomes to the more recent deformable vesicles), liquid crystalline nanodispersions, gelatin, and solid lipid nanoparticles. Their composition, formulation, characterization, and topical applications are also discussed. Although this is a broad topic, the most important (nano)pharmaceutical formulations are presented in the book.

Carrier mediated dermal delivery applications in the prevention and treatment of skin disorders 1st Table of contents:

Part 1: New Approaches for Management of Skin Aging and Photocarcinogenesis

1. New Trends in Anti-Aging Skin Care

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Skin

1.2.1 Structure

1.2.1.1 Epidermis

1.2.1.2 Dermis

1.2.2 Innervation

1.2.2.1 Sensory receptors

1.2.2.2 Non-sensory receptors

1.2.2.3 Neuropeptides

1.2.3 Skin Changes with Aging

1.3 Rejuvenation Procedures

1.3.1 Injectable Techniques

1.3.1.1 Skin resurfacing techniques: Chemical peelings and dermabrasion

1.3.1.2 Skin resurfacing techniques: Laser and light therapy

1.3.2 Cosmeceuticals

1.3.3 Procedures Comparison

1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

2. Melatonin: A “Guardian” of the Genome and Cellular Integrity for Prevention of Photocarcinogenesis

2.1 Introduction

2.2 What Is Melatonin?

2.3 Melatoninergic System

2.3.1 Synthesis of Melatonin in the Skin

2.3.2 Melatonin and Its Metabolites

2.3.3 Melatonin Receptors in the Skin

2.3.4 Mechanism of Action

2.4 Photocarcinogenesis

2.4.1 Genomic Instability and Its Impact on Photocarcinogenesis

2.4.2 Circadian Cycle Connection between Cell Physiology and Photocarcinogenesis

2.5 Melatonin as a “Guardian” for Prevention of Photocarcinogenesis

2.5.1 Endogenous and Exogenous Anti-Oxidants as Skin Defenders

2.5.2 Melatonin Protects against Skin Photodamage

2.5.3 Cosmetic and Therapeutic Perspectives

2.6 Conclusion

3. Safety and Efficacy of Sunscreen Formulations Containing Carrier or Non-Carrier-Based UV-Filters

3.1 UV Radiation and the Skin

3.2 UV-Filters and Photoprotection

3.3 Chemical UV-Filters (Organic UV-Filters)

3.3.1 Nanocarrier-Based Chemical UV-Filters

3.4 Physical UV-Filters (Inorganic UV-Filters)

3.4.1 Nanocarrier-Based Physical UV-Filters

3.4.2 Side Effects of Carrier- and Non-Carrier-Based Physical UV-Filters

3.5 Assessment of Sunscreen Performance

3.5.1 Efficacy of Carrier- and Non-Carrier-Based UV-Filters

3.5.1.1 Efficacy-characterization of carrier-based UV-filters

3.5.2 Safety of Carrier- and Non-Carrier-Based UV-Filters

3.5.3 Stability and Photostability of Carrier- and Non-Carrier-Based UV-Filters

3.6 Conclusions

4. Topical Photodynamic Therapy for Skin Diseases: Current Status of Preclinical and Clinical Research, Nanocarriers and Physical Methods for Photosensitizer Delivery

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Photodynamic Therapy and Mechanism of Photosensitization

4.3 Most Commonly Used Photosensitizers for Dermatological Diseases

4.3.1 Topical Photodynamic Therapy with Aminolevulinic Acid and Methyl Aminolevulinic

4.3.2 Topical Photodynamic Therapy with Phthalocyanines Class and Chlorine Derivatives

4.4 PDT Applied to Skin Diseases

4.4.1 Skin Cancer Treatment

4.4.1.1 Actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma in situ

4.4.1.2 Non-melanoma carcinoma

4.4.2 Other Skin Disease Treatments

4.4.2.1 Viral lesions treated with PDT

4.4.2.2 Bacterial lesion treated with PDT

4.4.2.3 Fungal skin lesions treated with PDT

4.4.2.4 Other microbiological lesions treated with PDT

4.4.2.5 Other inflammatory lesions treated with PDT

4.4.2.6 Other dermatological applications of PDT

4.5 Nanocarriers and Physical Methods for Improved Dermal Skin Delivery of Photosensitizers in PDT

4.5.1 Nanocarriers used in Topical PDT

4.5.1.1 Polymeric carriers

4.5.1.2 Lipid-based carriers

4.5.1.3 Inorganic nanoparticles

4.5.2 Physical Methods Applied for PDT

4.6 Potentials and Limitations of Topical PDT

Part 2: Delivery Systems and Nanocarriers for Topical Route: Examples and Illustration of Some Therapeutic and Cosmetic Applications

5. Novel Starch-Derived Topical Delivery Systems

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Starch: Functional Characteristics and Relevance

5.1.1.1 Modified Starch: A Strategy to Prepare High Performance Starch

5.1.1.2 Starches: From Granules to Novel Applications

5.2 Topical Delivery Systems

5.2.1 Conventional Topical Delivery Systems

5.2.1.1 Emulsions

5.2.1.2 Gels

5.2.1.3 Starch in Personal Care: A Multifunctional Ingredient

5.2.2 Non-Conventional Topical Delivery Systems

5.2.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles

5.3 Conclusions

6. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as Topical Delivery Systems for Antioxidants

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Antioxidants

6.2.1 Vitamins

6.2.1.1 Vitamin A and derivatives

6.2.1.2 Ascorbic acid derivatives

6.2.1.3 Vitamin E derivatives

6.2.2 Carotenoids

6.2.2.1 Beta-carotene

6.2.2.2 Lutein

6.2.3 Co-factors

6.2.3.1 Coenzyme Q10

6.2.3.2 Idebenone

6.2.3.3 Alpha-lipoic acid

6.2.4 Polyphenols

6.2.4.1 Flavonoids

6.2.4.2 Phenolic acid derivatives

6.2.4.3 Other polyphenols

6.3 Conclusions

7. Manufacture and Applications of Gelatin Nanoparticles: A Practical Approach

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Preparation methods

7.2.1 Desolvation

7.2.2 Emulsification-Solvent Evaporation

7.2.3 Reverse-Phase Microemulsion

7.2.4 Nanoprecipitation

7.2.5 Self-Assembly

7.2.6 Layer-by-Layer Coating

7.3 Uses

7.3.1 Ilex paraguariensis Extract Gelatin Encapsulation

8. Lipid Vesicles for Skin Delivery: Evolution from First Generation

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Vesicles Composition

8.3 Preparation Methods

8.4 Vesicles Characterization

8.5 Pharmacokinetics

8.6 Toxicology

8.7 Evolution from First Generation

8.8 Therapeutic, Diagnostic, and Cosmetic Applications

8.9 Regulatory Considerations

8.10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

9. Archaeosomes for Skin Injuries

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Archaeosomes: Definitions and Properties

9.2.1 Biotechnological Applications of Archaeosomes

9.2.2 Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of Archaeosomes

9.3 Other Ultradeformable (Elastic) Liposomes

9.4 Applications for Skin Injuries

9.5 Conclusions

10. Ethosomes: A Novel Carrier for Dermal or Transdermal Drug Delivery

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Novel Carriers as Tools for Modulation of Skin Permeability

10.2.1 Microparticles/Nanoparticles

10.2.2 Liposomes

10.2.3 Elastic Liposomes

10.2.4 Niosomes

10.2.5 Ethosomes

10.2.5.1 Ethosomes composition

10.2.5.2 Mechanism of skin penetration

10.2.5.3 Advantages and limitations

10.2.5.4 Methods of preparation

10.2.5.5 Characterization of ethosomes

10.2.5.6 Stability of ethosomes

10.3 Applications

10.3.1 Pilosebaceous Targeting

10.3.2 Hormones Delivery

10.3.3 Antimicrobial Delivery

10.3.4 DNA Delivery

10.3.5 Macromolecules Delivery

10.3.6 Vaccines Delivery

10.3.7 Cosmeceuticals

10.4 Marketed Products Based on Ethosomes

10.5 Translational Perspective

11. Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Infected Skin Lesions

11.1 Skin Infections

11.1.1 Mycobacterial Skin Infections

11.1.1.1 Buruli ulcer

11.1.2 Parasitic Skin Infections

11.1.2.1 Cutaneous leishmaniasis

11.1.3 Current Therapies

11.1.3.1 Buruli ulcer

11.1.3.2 Cutaneous leishmaniasis

11.2 Advanced Drug Delivery Systems in Topical Therapy

11.2.1 The Skin Barrier

11.2.2 Overcoming the Skin Barrier

11.2.2.1 Strategies for intact skin

11.2.2.2 Permeation in infected skin

11.2.3 Lipid-Based Nanocarriers Applied in the Treatment of Buruli Ulcer and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

11.2.3.1 Liposomes

11.2.3.2 Transfersomes

11.2.3.3 Ethosomes

11.2.3.4 Other

11.3 Conclusions

12. Liquid Crystals as Drug Delivery Systems for Skin Applications

12.1 Liquid Crystals

12.2 Liquid Crystal-Forming Lipids

12.3 Liquid Crystalline Macroscopic Forms

12.4 Liquid Crystalline Mesophases

12.5 Identification of Mesophases

12.6 Factors That Affect the Formation of Liquid Crystals

12.7 Liquid Crystals as Drug Release Systems

12.8 Liquid Crystals and Skin Permeation

13. Cyclodextrins and Skin Disorders: Therapeutic and Cosmetic Applications

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Cyclodextrins: Historical Background and Description

13.3 Cyclodextrin-Guest Molecule Complexes

13.4 Skin Safety and Toxicity Considerations of Cyclodextrins

13.5 Cyclodextrins and Dermal Drug Delivery

13.5.1 Enhancement of Dermal Drug Absorption and/or Penetration

13.5.2 Enhancement of Drug Tolerability

13.5.3 Enhancement of Drug Stability in Dermal Formulations

13.5.3.1 Encapsulation and controlled delivery of volatile compounds

13.6 Application of Cyclodextrin in Dermatologic Products

13.6.1 Anti-Acne

13.6.2 Psoriasis

13.6.3 Dermatitis

13.6.4 Microbial Skin Diseases

13.6.5 Wound Healing (Pressure Ulcers)

13.7 Application of Cyclodextrins in Cosmetics

13.7.1 Deodorants and Formulations for Odour Control

13.7.2 Fragrances

13.7.3 Sunscreens

13.7.4 Skin Cleansers and Scrubs

13.8 Conclusions and Prospects for the Future

14. Topical Formulations for Onychomycosis: A Review

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Onychomycosis

14.2.1 Epidemiology

14.2.2 Risk Factors

14.2.3 Clinical Classification

14.2.3.1 Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis

14.2.3.2 Proximal subungual onychomycosis

14.2.3.3 Superficial white onychomycosis

14.2.3.4 Endonyx onychomycosis

14.2.3.5 Total dystrophic onychomycosis

14.3 Transungual Delivery

14.3.1 Nail Structure and Transungual Permeation

14.3.1.1 Mathematical description of nail permeability

14.4 Onychomycosis Topical Therapy

14.4.1 Drug Delivery Enhancers

14.4.1.1 Disulfide bond cleaving by reducing agents

14.4.1.2 Disulfide bond cleaving by oxidizing agents

14.4.1.3 Enhancement by solvents

14.4.1.4 Keratolytic agents

14.4.1.5 Enzymes

14.4.1.6 Other enhancers

14.4.2 Examples of Antifungal Drugs

14.4.3 Examples of Topical Pharmaceutical Forms

14.4.3.1 Cream

14.4.3.2 Solution

14.4.3.3 Gel

14.4.3.4 Nail lacquer

14.4.4 Nail Lacquer Formulations for Onychomycosis Treatment

14.4.5 Advances in Nail Formulations

14.4.5.1 Colloidal carriers

14.5 Conclusion

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Tags: Andreia Ascenso, Helena Ribeiro, Sandra Simões, Carrier