Criminal Investigation of Sex Trafficking in America 1st Edition by Leonard Territo, Nataliya Glover 036786729X 9780367867294

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ISBN 10: 036786729X

ISBN 13: 9780367867294

Author: Leonard Territo, Nataliya Glover

Human trafficking is the third largest business for organized crime worldwide, next to illegal weapons trading and drugs. Written by well-respected criminal justice scholars, this book examines the criminal investigation of sex trafficking. Providing a multidisciplinary exploration of this topic, the authors discuss: International and national perspectives and the history of sex trafficking in America Effective ways to train law enforcement in investigations Major federal and state laws most applicable in sex trafficking investigations The sexual exploitation of American children and those brought in from foreign countries Interrogation of sex-trafficking suspects Crime scene examination and physical evidence The role and responsibilities of prosecutors Effective ways to develop and maintain a multiagency task force

Criminal Investigation of Sex Trafficking in America 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1: Introduction to Sex Trafficking in America A Current and Historical Overview
Chapter Objectives
Introduction
Definition and Identification
Looking for Sex-Trafficking Crimes
The Differences between Trafficking and Smuggling
Factors Contributing to International Sex Trafficking
Why the Supply of Victims Is Seemingly Endless
Sex Trafficking as a Criminal Continuum
Why Sex-Trafficking Victims Are Often “Invisible” in the United States
The Trafficking Victims Protection Act to the Rescue
Modern Day Sex-Trafficking Operation
A Brief History of Sex Trafficking in Early 20th Century America
Training for Law Enforcement Officers
What the Reader Can Expect to Learn from This Book
Glossary
Review Questions
Endnotes

Chapter 2: Legal Aspects of Sex Trafficking in America
Chapter Objectives
Introduction
The Mann Act
The Differences between the Most Current Sex Trafficking Acts Passed by Congress and the Mann Act
The Travel Act
Creation of Special Status Visas
T Nonimmigrant Status Visa
Continued Presence
U Nonimmigrant Status
Cooperation with Law Enforcement Needed for a U Visa
Trafficking Victims Protection Act 2000
The Tier System
Elements of the Tier Ranking System
Tier 1 Countries
Tier 2 Countries
Tier 3 Countries
Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003 (TVPRA)
Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005
William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008
Preventing Trafficking to the United States
Measures to Address Trafficking in the United States
Federal Laws Related to Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking
U.S. Code—Section 2251: Sexual Exploitation of Children
U.S. Code—Section 2422: Coercion and Enticement
U.S. Code—Section 2423: Transportation of Minors
The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)
RICO as a Tool to Combat Sex Trafficking by Organized Crime
Harsher Penalties under RICO
Asset Forfeiture and RICO Violations
Money Laundering of Sex-Trafficking Profits
Elements Needed to Pursue Money Laundering Charges
International Movement of Money
Reverse Sting Operation
The Money Spending Statute
Specific Investigative Suggestions for Making an Asset Trace
Conspiracy as a Separate Charge
States That Have Sex-Trafficking Laws
State Statutes Dealing with the Commercial Exploitation of Children or Prostitution of Children
Colorado
District of Columbia (D.C.)
Delaware
Illinois
Louisiana
Nebraska
Washington
Wisconsin
States along the U.S. Southern Border with State Statues Dealing with the Commercial Exploitation of Both Adults and Children
Arizona
California
New Mexico
Texas
Glossary
Review Questions
Endnotes

Chapter 3: Domestic Sex Trafficking of American Children
Chapter Objectives
Introduction
Nature and Scope of the Problem
The Demographics of Sexually Exploited Children
Precipitating Factors Affecting Why Children Become Involved in Prostitution
Various Factors That Leave Youth Vulnerable to Traffickers
Running Away from Home
Survival Sex
Early Childhood Abuse and Neglect
Familial Trafficking
Drug-Addicted Parents
Psychological and Emotional Difficulties
Importance of Understanding Psychological Variations in Sex-Trafficking Victims
Mental Health Symptoms
Dissociation as a Defense Mechanism
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Sex-Trafficking Victims
Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
The Stockholm Syndrome (Trauma Bonding)
A Complex Reaction
Causes and Symptoms
Other Psychological Disorders that Sex-Trafficking Victims Can Experience
Physical Effects of Sex Trafficking on Victims
Measures to Identify and Protect Sex-Trafficking Victims
Recruitment and Pimp Control
Initial Approach by the Pimp
Seasoning Techniques and Tactics of Power and Control
The Recruitment and Grooming Process
The Bottom Bitch/Girl
Use of Pornography as a Means of Control
Use of Manipulation
Use of Social Science by Pimps in the Manipulation Process
Sex for Drugs
Gang Activity in Sex-Trafficking Operations
How to Combat Street Gangs Involved in Sex Trafficking
Shelters and Services for Domestically Trafficked Minors
Lack of Protective Shelters
There Is a Lack of Specialized Services Geared toward the Unique Needs of Domestic Minor Sex-Trafficking Victims
Child Protective Services (CPS) Interactions with Domestic Minor Sex-Trafficking Victims
Intake Categories Misidentify Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking
Adolescents Are Lower Priority
Glossary
Review Questions
Endnotes

Chapter 4: Sex Trafficking of Foreign Women and Children into America
Chapter Objectives
Introduction
Stages of International Sex Trafficking
Recruitment
Transportation
Delivery/Marketing
Exploitation
Factors Contributing to the Exploitation of Trafficked Women
The Market for Commercial Sex
Supply
Demand
Organized Crime and Sex Trafficking
Understanding and Assessing the Local Problem
Attractive Features of Certain Locations
Locating Trafficked Women
Indications of Sex-Trafficking Venues
Indications of Women Being Sex Trafficked
An Interview Protocol That Will Facilitate the Obtaining of Valuable Information from Sex-Trafficking Victims
Interviewing the Sex-Trafficking Victim
Key Questions to Ask the Victim of Sex Trafficking
Background Questions
Immigration Questions
Physical Abuse Questions
Safety/Coercion Questions
Freedom of Movement Questions
Psychological Coercion Questions
Specific Responses to the Exploitation of Trafficked Women
Adopting an Unambiguous Enforcement Policy
Working with Immigration Officials
The Role of Governmental Organizations in Assisting Sex-Trafficking Victims
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
U.S. Department of Education (ED)
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) in Assisting Sex-Trafficking Victims
Locating an Appropriate NGO
Preraid Communications with the NGO
Glossary
Review Questions
Endnotes

Chapter 5: The “John” Factor in Sex Trafficking
Chapter Objectives
Introduction
Demand Reduction Is Primary Prevention
Public Education and Awareness Programs
Atlanta’s “Dear John” Public Awareness Program
Education and Awareness Program in Chicago and Cook County
U.S. Military Program to Combat Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking
Reverse Stings
Street-Level Reverse Stings
Police Units, Agencies, and Multijurisdictional Task Forces Conducting Reverse Stings
Variations and Innovations in Reverse Stings
The Use of the Internet
Online Reverse Stings
Variation on the Basic Web-Based Reverse Sting Model
Surveillance Cameras
Vehicle Seizures
Court Challenges
Forfeiture Programs
Driver’s License Suspension
Shaming
“Dear John” Letters
Variants of This Approach
Arguments for and against Shaming
John Schools
Generic John School Logic Model
Targeting the Educational Intervention
John School Curriculum Items
Glossary
Review Questions
Endnotes

Chapter 6: Child Sex Tourism and the American Male
Chapter Objectives
Introduction
Child Sex Tourism Defined
Profile of the Child Sex Tourist
How the Children Are Located by Sex Tourists
Extreme and Long-Lasting Damage to Victims
Misperception about HIV/AIDS Infection among Young Prostitutes
Creating Child Pornography
Child Sex Tourism in Cambodia
Economic Reasons
Social Reasons
Corruption as a Major Problem
Where Do Most of These Children in Cambodia Come From?
Child Sex Tourism in Mexico
Combined American/Mexican Enforcement Actions
Southern Border Initiative (SBI)
Policy Recommendations
Child Sex Tourism in Guatemala
Socioeconomic Disparities
Gender Perceptions
Governance Issues
United States ICE Cyber Crime Center and Child Sex Tourism Unit
Decreasing Child Sex Tourism by American Men
Glossary
Review Questions
Endnotes

Chapter 7: Interrogation of Sex-Trafficking Suspects
Chapter Objectives
Introduction
Objectives of Interrogation
Essential Qualities Needed by the Sex-Trafficking Investigator in the Interrogation Process
The Interrogation Room
Furnishings
Proximity
The Use of Two-Way Mirrors in the Interrogation Room
Assessing the Suspect
Documenting Interrogations
The Use of Electronic Recordings for Interrogations
Benefits of Recording Interrogations
The Written Statement
Admissibility of Confessions and Admissions
The Free-and-Voluntary Rule
The Delay-in-Arraignment Rule
Preinterrogation Legal Requirements
Miranda v. Arizona
Suspect’s Response: Waiver and Alternatives
In-Custody Interrogation
Custody
Miranda and Misdemeanors
Interrogation as Defined by the U.S. Supreme Court
Most Recent U.S. Supreme Court Decision on the Right to Remain Silent
Court Proceedings
Right to Remain Silent: Invocation
Right to Remain Silent: Waiver
Detection of Deception
Signs of Discomfort in an Interaction
Glossary
Review Questions
Endnotes

Chapter 8: Crime Scene Examination and Physical Evidence in Sex-Trafficking Cases
Chapter Objectives
Introduction
The Initial Observations and Actions to Be Taken upon Entering the Crime Scene
Crime Scene Examination
Types of Potential Physical Evidence at Sex-Trafficking Crime Scenes
Biological Materials
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Analysis
Identifying and Collecting DNA at a Crime Scene
Protecting against Contamination
Databases and Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)
Fingerprints
Latent Fingerprints
Conditions Affecting the Quality of Latent Fingerprints
Locating Latent Fingerprints
Documents as Evidence in Sex-Trafficking Cases
Examination of Documents
Fibers and Micro Traces
Recovery and Preservation of Information Technology (IT) and Electronic Communications Equipment
Properly Handling Information Technology (IT)
Steps to Follow to Preserve and Protect Electronic Equipment
Organization of the Work at the Scene of Crime
Protection of the Crime Scene
Recording Scenes
Collection of Evidence
Managing Exhibits to Ensure Chain of Custody
Multiple Crime Scenes
People Present at Locations Linked to a Sex-Trafficking Operation
General Considerations in the Examination of Sex-Trafficking Victims
Physically Examining Victims: Specific Considerations in Sex-Trafficking Cases
Contents of the Sexual Assault Victim Examination Kit
The Need for Knowledgeable Medical Specialists
Searching for DNA Evidence under Court Order: The Search Warrant
Specific Considerations in the Examination of Sex-Trafficking Suspects
Examination of Vehicles for Physical Evidence
Examining Vehicles and Crime Scenes for the Transference of Physical Evidence
Glossary
Review Questions
Endnotes

Chapter 9: Building a Multiagency Task Force
Chapter Objectives
Introduction
Assessing the Problem
Informative Data and Indicators of Sex Trafficking
Gaining Support
Core Team Model
Core Team Members’ Initial Responsibilities
Core Team Representatives
Sources of Leadership in a Task Force
Membership/Participation
Federal, State, and Local Regulatory Agencies
Federal, State, and Local Social Service Agencies
Victim Service Providers, Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs), and Social Service Agencies
Criminal Justice System–Based Victim Assistance
U.S. Attorney’s Office Victim–Witness Coordinators
State and Local Victim Coordinators
FBI Victim Specialists
ICE Victim–Witness Coordinators
U.S. Attorney’s Office Law Enforcement Coordinating Committees
Other Important Partners
Legal Services
Local Businesses
Community at Large/Concerned Citizens
Marketing the Effort
Task Force Operations
Task Force Staffing and Size
Designation of Key Roles
Additional Roles
After Action Debriefing
Memorandum of Understanding
Task Force Operational Protocol
Conducting Meetings
Intelligence or Vice Operations?
Collaboration
Professional Misunderstandings
Tips for Conflict Resolution
Tips for Building Trust
Tips for Retention of Task Force Leaders and Members
Glossary
Review Questions
Endnotes

Chapter 10: The Prosecution of Sex-Trafficking Cases
Chapter Objectives
Introduction
A General Overview of the Role of the Prosecutor in the United States
The Statewide Prosecutor
The U.S. Attorney at the Federal Level
The Prosecutor’s Specific Function
Step-by-Step: The Prosecutor’s Role
The Decision to Prosecute
Prosecutorial Discretion
Unethical Procedures and Wrongful Convictions
Prosecutorial Diversion
Adjudication Deferred/Withheld Adjudication
Role of the Federal Prosecutor in Sex-Trafficking Cases
Training Prosecutors
Human Trafficking Prosecution Unit (HTPU)
Role of the Federal Bureau of Investigation in Assisting Federal Prosecutors in Sex-Trafficking Cases
The Innocence Lost Initiative
Role of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) in Assisting Federal Prosecutors in Sex-Trafficking Cases
Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center
The HSTC Supporting Antitrafficking Efforts
Strengthening the Prosecutor’s Case: Corroborating Evidence in Sex-Trafficking Cases
Phone Records
Transportation Receipts
Electronic Evidence
Photographs
Surveillance and Crime Scenes
Wiretaps
Interpreters
Business Records
Expert Witness Testimony
Additional Resources That Can Be Used by Prosecutors at the Federal and State Level in Sex-Trafficking Cases
Federal and State Prosecution in Sex-Trafficking Cases
Considerations for Additional or Alternative Charges
The Search and Seizure of Evidence in Sex-Trafficking Cases
Weeks v. United States 1914
The Silver Platter Rule
Wolf v. Colorado 1949
Mapp v. Ohio 1961
Legal Searches and Seizures
Search with a Warrant
Probable Cause
Elements of the Search Warrant
Search with Consent
Search Incident to Arrest
Search of a Motor Vehicle
Conducting an Inventory
Plain View Seizures
Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine
Glossary
Review Questions
Endnotes

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Tags: Leonard Territo, Nataliya Glover, Investigation, Criminal