Diamondoids synthesis properties and applications 1st Edition by Sven Stauss, Kazuo Terashima ISBN 9814745197 9789814745192

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ISBN 10: 9814745197 
ISBN 13: 9789814745192
Author: Sven Stauss, Kazuo Terashima

Over the past few decades, carbon nanomaterials, most commonly fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, have gained increasing interest in both science and industry, due to their advantageous properties that make them attractive for many applications in nanotechnology. Another class of the carbon nanomaterials family that has slowly been gaining (re)newed interest is diamond molecules, also called diamondoids, which consist of polycyclic carbon cages that can be superimposed on a cubic diamond lattice. Derivatives of diamondoids are used in pharmaceutics, but due to their promising properties—well-defined structures, high thermal and chemical stability, negative electron affinity, and the possibility to tune their bandgap—diamondoids could also serve as molecular building blocks in future nanodevices. This book is the first of its kind to give an exhaustive overview of the structures, properties, and current and possible future applications of diamondoids. It contains a brief historical account of diamondoids, from the discovery of the first diamondoid member, adamantane, to the isolation of higher diamondoids about a decade ago. It summarizes the different approaches to synthesizing diamondoids. In particular, current research on the conventional organic synthesis and new approaches based on microplasmas generated in high-pressure and supercritical fluids are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods discussed. The book will serve as a reference for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students in chemistry, physics, materials science, and nanotechnology and researchers in macromolecular science, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, and medicine, especially those with an interest in nanoparticles.

Diamondoids synthesis properties and applications 1st Table of contents:

PART I DIAMONDOIDS: STRUCTURES, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS
1 Introduction
2 Structure, Nomenclature, and Symmetry of Diamondoids
2.1 Diamondoids and Their Relation to Other Carbon Nanomaterials
2.2 The Structure of Diamondoids
2.3 Classification of Diamondoids
2.4 Nomenclature and Classification of Diamondoids
2.4.1 The von Baeyer Naming Scheme
2.4.2 Nomenclature of Diamondoids Based on Dualist Graphs
2.4.3 Regular and Irregular Polymantanes
2.4.4 Formula Partition Periodic Table
2.5 Molecular Symmetry and Crystal Structures of Diamondoids
2.5.1 Molecular Symmetry of Diamondoids
2.5.2 Crystal Structures of Diamondoids
2.6 Differences between Diamondoids and Nanodiamonds
3 Chemical and Physical Properties and Characterization of Diamondoids
3.1 Chemical Properties
3.1.1 Thermodynamic Properties
3.1.2 Chemical Stability
3.1.3 Solubility of Diamondoids in Gases, Organic Solvents, and Supercritical Fluids
3.1.3.1 Solubility in organic solvents
3.1.3.2 Solubility in gases and supercritical fluids
3.1.4 Biocompatibility and Toxicity
3.2 Physical Properties
3.2.1 Electronic Properties
3.2.1.1 The band structure of diamondoids
3.2.1.2 Effect of diamondoid size on bandgap
3.2.1.3 HOMO-LUMO variation by functionalization of diamondoids
3.2.1.4 Variation of the HOMO-LUMO gap by the inclusion of small atoms inside diamondoids
3.3 Optical Properties
3.3.1 Vibrational Spectroscopy of Diamondoids
3.3.1.1 Infrared spectroscopy
3.3.1.2 Raman spectroscopy of diamondoids
3.4 Mass Spectrometry of Diamondoids
3.4.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Diamondoids
4 Current and Future Applications of Diamondoids and Their Derivatives
4.1 Overview
4.2 Applications of Diamondoids in Oil Exploration
4.2.1 Formation of Diamondoids in Natural Gas Reservoirs
4.3 Current and Possible Future Applications of Diamondoids and Derivatives in Chemistry, Pharmaceutics, Medicine, and Biotechnology
4.3.1 Applications in Chemistry
4.3.1.1 Host–guest chemistry
4.3.2 Applications of Diamondoids in Pharmaceutics and Medicine
4.3.3 Current and Possible Future Applications of Diamondoids for Drug Delivery
4.4 Applications in Materials Science and Nanotechnology
4.4.1 Materials Science
4.4.2 Diamondoids as an Electron Source
4.5 Possible Future Applications of Diamondoids
4.5.1 Biotechnology
4.5.2 Quantum Computing and Communication
4.5.3 Magnetometry
4.5.4 Nanorobots and Molecular Machines
4.6 Summary
PART II ISOLATION AND ORGANIC CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF DIAMONDOIDS
5 Occurrence and Isolation of Diamondoids from Natural Gas and Oil Reservoirs
5.1 Occurrence of Diamondoids in Natural Gas and Oil Reservoirs
5.2 Formation of Diamondoids in Natural Sources
5.3 Isolation of Diamondoids from Gas and Oil
5.3.1 Alternative Purification Methods
6 Approaches for the Organic Synthesis of Diamondoids
6.1 A Brief History of the Isolation and Organic Synthesis of Diamondoids
6.2 Conventional Organic Chemical Synthesis of Diamondoids
6.2.1 Synthesis of Adamantane
6.2.2 Synthesis of Diamantane
6.2.3 Synthesis of Triamantane
6.2.4 Synthesis of Tetramantane
6.3 Limitations of the Organic Synthesis of Diamondoids
PART III NOVEL APPROACHES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF DIAMONDOIDS BY MICROPLASMAS
7 Diamondoid Synthesis by Electric Discharge Microplasmas in Supercritical Fluids
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Generation of Plasmas in Supercritical Fluids
7.3 Electric Discharges in High-Pressure and Supercritical Fluid Microreactors
7.3.1 Investigation of Possible Diamondoid Reaction Paths by GC-MS Analysis of Intermediate Products
8 Synthesis of Diamondoids by Pulsed Laser Plasmas
8.1 Application of Pulsed Laser Plasmas in Supercritical Fluids to Nanomaterial Synthesis
8.2 Synthesis of Diamondoids by Pulsed Laser Plasmas
8.3 Micro-Raman Spectroscopy
8.4 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
8.4.1 Synthesis of Diamantane
8.4.2 Possible Synthesis of Diamondoids with n ≥ 3
8.4.3 Effects of Pyrolysis on Synthesized Products
8.5 Comparison between PLA in scCO2 and scXe
8.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
9 Synthesis of Diamondoids by Atmospheric-Pressure Microplasmas
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Microchip Microplasma Reactors
9.3 Plasma Generation and Characterization
9.3.1 Optical Emission Spectroscopy Measurements
9.3.2 GC-MS Analysis of Diamantane and Reaction Intermediates
9.4 Summary
10 Conclusions and Perspectives

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