Durability of Reinforced Concrete Structures 1st Edition by Paul Chess, Warren Green 1000767264 9781000767261

1 The Problem

1.1 Reinforced Concrete

1.2 Steel Reinforcement

1.3 Prestressed and Post‑Tensioned Concrete

1.4 Concerns about Durability of Reinforced Concrete

1.5 Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete

1.5.1 Causes

1.5.2 Uniform (Microcell) Corrosion and Pitting (Macrocell) Corrosion

1.5.3 Corrosion Products Development – Cracking, Delamination and Spalling

1.6 Chloride-Induced Corrosion

1.7 Carbonation-Induced Corrosion

1.8 Leaching-Induced Corrosion

1.9 Stray and Interference Current-Induced Corrosion

1.9.1 General

1.9.2 Ground Currents

1.9.3 Interference Currents

1.9.4 Local Corrosion Due to Stray or Interference Currents

1.10 Conclusions

References

2 The Corrosion Process in Reinforced Concrete: The State of the Art

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Corrosion Process

2.3 The Amount of Chloride Required to Initiate Corrosion

2.4 The Effect of the Structure’s Shape on Corrosion

2.5 Ionic Movement in Concrete

2.6 Incipient Anodes – Additional Evidence of Electrochemical Effects

2.7 Advection

2.8 Chloride Penetration – Additional Evidence of Advection

2.9 Mechanical Movement

2.10 Studies of Corrosion on Structures

2.11 Conclusions

References

3 Monitoring Corrosion and Why Most of the Current NDT Techniques Are Flawed

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Changes in the Concrete

3.2.1 Visual Cracking

3.2.2 Staining

3.2.3 Chloride-Sampling

3.2.4 Hammer, Chain Testing or Ultrasonics

3.2.5 Carbonation Testing

3.2.6 Resistivity Testing

3.3 Changes in the Steel Reinforcement

3.3.1 Half-Cell (Electrode) Potential

3.3.2 Kelvin Probe Potential

3.3.3 Current Measurement

3.3.4 Polarisation Resistance

3.3.5 X-Ray

3.3.6 Radar

3.4 Changes in the Steel to Concrete Interface

3.4.1 Heating Insulation

3.4.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)

3.4.3 Electrochemical Acoustic Noise

3.4.4 Connectionless Electrical Pulse Response Analysis

3.5 Summary

References

4 Solutions for New Structures

4.1 Design Life in Different Structures and Countries

4.2 Modelling and Its Limitations

4.3 Evaluating Similar Structures in Similar Environments

4.4 Improving the Durability of Concrete

4.5 Improving the Durability of Reinforcement

4.6 Improving Durability of the Structure

4.7 Hydrophobic or Thin Coatings

4.8 Continuous Film or Thick Coatings

4.9 Barrier

4.10 Changing Design

4.11 Combination of Techniques

References

5 Maximising Service Life with Minimal Capital Expenditure

5.1 Phases in the Life of a Structure

5.2 Owner Requirements

5.3 Durability Consultant

5.4 Designer Requirements

5.5 Contractor Requirements

5.6 Operator/Maintainer Requirements

5.7 Determining Damage Tolerance

5.8 Capital Expenditure versus Maintenance Expenditure

5.9 Conclusions

References

6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Remediation Procedures

6.1 Anti-Corrosion Procedure Options

6.2 ‘Do Nothing’ Option

6.3 Scenario Analyses of Options

6.4 Marine Wharf Substructure Elements – Remedial Options Scenario Analysis

6.5 Marine Wharf Substructure Elements – Scenario Analysis of Non-Preferred Remedial Options

6.6 Deciding on the Most Appropriate Remediation Procedure

6.7 Condition Survey to Assess the Cause, Degree and Extent of Deterioration

6.8 Reinforcement Corrosion Modelling

6.9 Conclusions

References

7 Examples of Damage and Remediation with Different Structures

7.1 Marine Jetty

7.1.1 Jetty Description

7.1.2 Life Extension Options

7.1.2.1 Do Nothing

7.1.2.2 Do Nothing and Regular Inspections for Structural Stability

7.1.2.3 Patch Repairs

7.1.2.4 Structural Augmentation

7.1.2.5 Cathodic Protection

7.1.2.6 Other Electrochemical Treatments

7.1.2.7 Replacement of the Structure

7.1.3 Discussion

7.2 Prestressed Containment Tanks

7.2.1 Bund Repair Options

7.2.2 Discussion

7.3 Middle Eastern Airport

7.3.1 Introduction

7.3.2 The Problem

7.3.3 The Solution

7.3.4 Previous Corrosion Monitoring Systems

7.3.5 New Corrosion Monitoring System

7.3.6 Problems

7.4 Immersed Tube Tunnel

7.4.1 Introduction

7.4.2 Appropriate Solution?

7.4.3 What is the Cathodic Protection Doing?

7.4.4 Discussion

7.5 Swimming Pool

7.5.1 Introduction

7.5.2 Selection of a Cathodic Protection System

7.5.3 Description of Rehabilitation Works

7.5.4 Results

7.5.5 Conclusions

7.6 Coal Storage Silos

7.6.1 Introduction

7.6.1.1 3000T Silos

7.6.1.2 5000T Silos

7.6.2 Condition Investigations

7.6.3 Investigation Results – 3000T Silos

7.6.3.1 Engineering Review – Structural Analysis/Assessment

7.6.3.2 Field Investigation

7.6.4 Investigation Results – 5000T Silo

7.6.4.1 Engineering Review – Structural Analysis/Assessment

7.6.4.2 Field Investigation

7.6.5 Remediation

7.6.5.1 Options Considered – 3000T Silos

7.6.5.2 Options Considered – 5000T Silo

7.6.6 Outline of Adopted Remediation Option – 3000T Silos

7.6.7 Outline of Adopted Remediation Option – 5000T Silo

7.7 Marine Wharves

7.7.1 Introduction

7.7.2 Port of Newcastle Wharf and Berth Structures

7.7.3 Concrete CP Systems Overview

7.7.4 West Basin Wharf 3 (Front Beam)

7.7.4.1 Background

7.7.4.2 ICCP System Summary

7.7.4.3 ICCP System Monitoring Findings

7.7.5 Conclusions

References

Index