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ISBN 10: 9048122236
ISBN 13: 9789048122233
Author: Matthew J. Colloff
Conservatively, at least 100 million people are affected by house dust mite allergy worldwide, manifesting itself as asthma, rhinitis or atopic dermatitis. Despite the growing recognition of this major public health problem, and commitment of considerable research resources, there is still no simple, effective, generally-applicable strategy for dust mite control. The reasons for this are complex, but a contributing factor remains some important knowledge gaps and misconceptions regarding aspects of biology and ecology of dust mites. The purpose of this book is to provide a comprehensive reference work for all readers with an involvement or interest in house dust mite research and management, incorporating for the first time in a single volume the topics of systematics and identification, physiology, ecology, allergen biochemistry and molecular biology, epidemiology, mite control and allergen avoidance. It is hoped the book will help spread the message that studies of the biology and ecology of house dust mites should be regarded within the context of allergic disease rather than as ends in themselves, and that approaches to mite control in clinical management are subject to the same series of ecological rules as any other major problem in pest management.
Dust Mites 1st Table of contents:
1. Identification and taxonomy, classification and phylogeny
1.1 What is the use of taxonomy?
1.2 How taxonomy works
1.2.1 Perceptions of taxonomy
1.2.2 Names and nomenclature
a Binomial nomenclature
b Synonymy and the oldest name
c Type specimens
1.3 Classification and taxonomyof domestic mites
1.3.1 Classification of the Astigmata
1.3.2 Classification of the Glycyphagoidea and Acaroidea
a The Glycyphagoidea
b The Acaroidea
1.3.3 Classification of the Pyroglyphidae
1.3.4 Examples of taxonomic problems with certain dust mites, and some solutions
a The identity of Blomia tropicalis, B. kulaginiand B. gracilipes
b The correct name of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
c Races, varieties or sibling species within Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinaeand D. microc
1.4 Biodiversity, phylogeny and evolution
1.4.1 Phylogeny and the value of predictive classifications
1.4.2 Background – phylogenetic relationships of the sarcoptiform mites
1.4.3 Biodiversity and phylogenetic relationships within the Pyroglyphidae –out of Africa in the n
1.4.4 Evolutionary inferences from thebiology and ecology of pyroglyphidsand other Astigmata
a Free-living soil dwellers and the effects of the development of agriculture
b Habitat shifts to commensalism and parasitism
c The evolution of resistance to desiccation
d Differences in fecundity and population dynamics between pyroglyphids, acaroids and glycyphagoids
1.5 Characters used in taxonomy and identification – external anatomy
1.5.1 Divisions of the body
1.5.2 Idiosomal chaetotaxy – the names of the hairs of the body
1.5.3 The dorsal surface of the idiosoma
1.5.4 The ventral surface of the idiosoma
1.5.5 Genitalia
a Females
b Males
1.5.6 Legs, their setae and solenidia
1.5.7 Secondary sexual characters andandropolymorphism in thePyroglyphidae
a Secondary sexual characters
b Andropolymorphism
1.6 Identification keys
1.6.1 Notes on use of the keys
2. Physiology and internal anatomy
2.1 Physiology – the functional biology of organisms
2.2 Nutrition, feeding and the digestive system
2.2.1 Mouthparts and feeding
a Anatomy of the mouthparts
b The ingestion of food
2.2.2 Digestion, egestion and the functional anatomy of the gut
a The pharynx and oesophagus
b The midgut and midgut caeca
c The posterior midgut and theperitrophic envelope
d The hindgut and the anus
e Gut pH
f Redox potential
2.2.3 Digestive enzymes of domestic mites – the repertoire
a Localisation of digestive enzyme-allergens
b Glycosidases
c Cysteine endopeptidases (cysteine proteinases) (EC 3.4.22)
d Metallocarboxypeptidases (EC 3.4.17)
e Serine endopeptidases (serine proteinases) (EC 3.4.21)
f Esterases and lipases
g Occurrence of enzyme polymorphism
h Enzyme expression during different phases of population growth
2.2.4 Natural diets and food quality
a Gut contents analysis
b Dermatophagy – feeding on skin scales
c Bacteriophagy – feeding on bacteria
d Mycophagy – feeding on fungi
e Coprophagy – feeding on faeces
f Cannibalism
g Detritivory – feeding on organic debris
h Summary
2.2.5 Dietary requirements
a Vitamins and minerals
b Proteins and amino acids
c Lipids
d Carbohydrates
2.2.6 Feeding rates
2.2.7 Conclusions: two models of dustmite digestion
a Uncompartmentalised model
b Compartmentalised model
2.3 Excretion and osmoregulation
2.3.1 Excretion
a The removal of excess nitrogen
b Guanine
c Organs involved in nitrogenous excretion
2.4 Respiration and gas exchange
2.5 Blood and circulation
2.5.1 Haemocytes
2.5.2 Immune responses of dust mites
2.6 Reproduction
2.6.1 The female reproductive system of the Pyroglyphidae
a The bursa copulatrix
b The ductus bursae
c The receptaculum seminis
d The ductus receptaculi
e The ovaries
f The oviducts
g The chorion gland
h The ovipositor
2.6.2 The male reproductive system of the Pyroglyphidae
a The testis
b The vasa deferentia
c The accessory gland
d The ejaculatory duct and penis
2.6.3 The reproductive systems of someacaroid and glycyphagoid mites
2.6.4 Copulatory behaviour in the Pyroglyphidae
2.7 Nervous system and sensory organs
2.7.1 The brain and central nervous system
2.7.2 Sensory organs
a Mechanoreceptors
b Photoreceptors
c Chemoreceptors
d Hygroreceptors
2.8 The cuticle and moulting
2.8.1 The cuticle
2.8.2 Cuticular hydrocarbons
2.8.3 Ecdysis
2.8.4 The role of haemocytes in ecdysis
2.9 Chemical communication –pheromones and behaviour
2.9.1 Pheromones of astigmatid mites and behavioural responses
a The chemical nature of mite pheromones
b Alarm pheromones
c Aggregation pheromones
d Sex pheromones
e Pheromone mixtures, solventsand signal specificity
f Chemical, stereochemical and isomericrequirements for biological activity
g Anti-fungal activity of pheromones
2.9.2 Pheromone production and release – the lateral opisthosomal glands
2.10 Consequences of acarine physiology for ecological interactions
3. Water balance
3.1 Introduction – water and survival
3.2 Water and water vapour
3.2.1 Biological measures – water activity and osmolarity
3.3 Water uptake versus loss, and the critical equilibrium activity
3.3.1 Determination of critical equilibrium activity and water flows
3.3.2 Effects of temperature on critical equilibrium activity
3.3.3 Body water compartmentalisation – how much and where is it?
3.3.4 Water balance of different stages of the life cycle
3.4 Water loss
3.4.1 Rates of water loss
3.4.2 Water loss and body size
3.4.3 Routes of water loss
a Oviposition
b Cuticular transpiration
c Egestion, excretion and osmoregulation
d Lateral opisthosomal glands
3.4.4 Behavioural limitation of water loss
3.5 Water uptake
3.5.1 Availability of water to dust mites
3.5.2 Mechanisms of water gain
a Active uptake – the supracoxal glands
b Supracoxal glands, salt concentrations and flow rates
c Passive uptake – transcuticular sorption
d Eating and drinking
3.6 Water balance and survival at lowor fluctuating humidity
3.7 Conclusions
4. Ecology
4.1 House dust and the genesis of a detrital ecosystem
4.1.1 Characteristics of ecosystems
4.1.2 Detrital ecosystems
4.1.3 Domestic textiles
4.1.4 Beds and bedding
4.1.5 Early agriculture and the development of food storage
4.1.6 Nests of birds and mammals – the origin of the domestic acarofauna
4.1.7 Mites in archaeological remains
4.1.8 Mites in communities of indigenous peoples
a Papua New Guinea
b Colombia
c Australia
4.2 Historical records of mites in houses
4.2.1 1650–1750: Leeuwenhoek, Hooke and Baker
4.2.2 The 19th century
4.2.3 Twentieth century observers
4.2.4 Has the species composition of the domestic mite fauna changed?
4.3 Ecological concepts – distribution, abundance, biodiversity, communities and ecosystems
4.3.1 Distribution and abundance
4.3.2 Populations, communities and ecosystems
4.3.3 Spatial heterogeneity, focality and niche theory
4.3.4 Biological diversity, species richness and heterogeneity
4.3.5 Functional diversity: communities and food webs
a Functional groups – the components of food webs
b Transfer of nutrients and energy – trophic interactions
c Competition
4.3.6 Colonisation and succession
4.3.7 Behaviour and dispersal in relation to distribution and abundance
4.4 Spatial scales in dust mite ecology
4.5 Climate
4.5.1 Temperature
4.5.2 Water and water vapour
a Water vapour pressure and vapour pressure deficit
b Relative humidity
c Absolute humidity
d Dewpoint temperature
e Mixing ratio
4.5.3 Evaporation
4.6 The microhabitat scale
4.6.1 The physical environment of the microhabitat
a The nature of house dust
b Spatial and temporal differencesin composition of house dust
c Microhabitats and spatial heterogeneity
4.6.2 Microclimate
4.6.3 The climate of the microhabitat
a Microclimate of beds and carpets
b Microclimate and the boundary layer
c Microclimate models
4.6.4 Distribution and abundance of mites at microhabitat scale
a Distribution and abundance within beds
b Distribution and abundance within carpets
4.7 The macrohabitat scale
4.7.1 Physical characteristics of the macrohabitat
a Outdoor and indoor climate
b Degree-days and human comfort climate
c Dwelling construction and design
4.7.2 Variation in habitat availability
4.7.3 Distribution and abundance between homes
a Furnishings
b Age of homes
c Social and economic status and density of occupancy
d Housekeeping
e Height of dwellings above ground level
4.7.4 Habitats other than houses
4.8 The regional scale
4.8.1 Regional climate
a Elevation, latitude and distance from the coast
b The Köppen climate classification
c Limitations of climate data
4.8.2 Regional scale examples of effects of climate on mite distribution and abundance
a Israel and Gaza
b Colombia
c California
d Australia
e South Africa
4.8.3 Conclusions from regional scale examples
4.9 The global scale
4.9.1 The biogeography of dust mites
a Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
b Dermatophagoides farinae
c Dermatophagoides microceras
d Euroglyphus maynei
e Malayoglyphus intermedius
f Hirstia domicola
g Lepidoglyphus destructor
h Glycyphagus domesticus
i Blomia tropicalis
j Chortoglyphus arcuatus
k Gohieria fusca
l Cheyletus spp.
m Acarus siro and Tyrophagus putrescentiaespecies complexes
4.9.2 Conclusions
4.10 Integrating spatial and temporal scales in dust mite ecology
4.10.1 Migration and metapopulations
4.10.2 Spatial and temporal scales and dustmite ecology – some concluding remarks
5. Development, life histories and population dynamics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Stages in the life cycle
5.2.1 The egg and the embryo
5.2.2 The prelarval and larval stages
5.2.3 The nymphal stages
a The protonymph
b The hypopus
c The tritonymph
5.2.4 The adults
a Sex ratios
b Andropolymorphism
c Sperm competition
5.3 Why population dynamics isof practical importance
5.4 Demography
5.4.1 Migration
5.4.2 Mortality and natality
a Mortality and the life table
b Natality, net reproductive rate and generation time
5.4.3 The intrinsic and finite rates of natural increase
5.4.4 Age structure of populations and the stable age distribution
a Age structure of populations
b The stable age distribution
5.5 Life history traits and demographic parameters
5.5.1 Age and size at maturity – effects on fecundity and mortality
5.5.2 Differences in life history traits between dust mites
5.6 Factors affecting population dynamics
5.6.1 Temperature and humidity
a Effects on stages in the life cycle
b Effects of fluctuating conditions
c Effects on laboratory populations
5.6.2 Diet
5.6.3 Predation, competition and crowding
a Predation
b Competition
c Density dependent effects
5.6.4 Differences between laboratory and natural populations
5.7 Seasonal dynamics of natural populations and allergens
5.7.1 Mites
5.7.2 Allergens
5.8 Population models
5.9 Summary
6. Methods in house dust mite ecology and biology
6.1 Sampling mite populations in homes
6.1.1 Vacuum sampling
6.1.2 Comparisons of vacuum sampling and brushing
6.1.3 Trapping
a The heat escape method
b The mobility test
c Heat attractant trapping
6.1.4 Comparison of trapping and vacuum sampling
6.1.5 Sampling total mite populations
6.1.6 Partial and total estimates of mite populations
6.2 Dimensions of the samples and units of measurement
6.3 Extraction of mites from dust samples
6.3.1 Flotation
6.3.2 Suspension
6.3.3 Heat extraction
6.3.4 Extraction efficiency
6.4 Mounting, counting and identification of mites
6.4.1 Mounting mites on microscope slides
6.4.2 Counting and identification
6.5 Laboratory testing of mite control methods
6.5.1 The test substrate
6.5.2 Temperature and humidity control
6.5.3 Seeding the carpet squares with mites
6.5.4 Monitoring population growth priorto the mite control treatment
6.5.5 Mite control treatment
6.5.6 Estimating the size of the mite population after treatment
a The heat escape method
b Vacuuming and suspension extraction
c Post-treatment monitoring of mite populations
d Statistical treatment
6.5.7 Recipe for Heinze polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) mounting medium
6.6 Culturing house dust mites in the laboratory
6.6.1 Basic equipment
6.6.2 Starter cultures
a Starter cultures from existing laboratory cultures
b Developing a culture from house dust samples
6.6.3 Microclimate
6.6.4 Culture vessels
6.6.5 Food
6.6.6 Subculturing
6.6.7 Isolating mites from the culture medium
6.6.8 Laboratory hygiene and safety
7. Dust mite allergens
7.1 Why do dust mites produce allergens?
7.2 Which mites produce clinically important allergens?
7.2.1 Pyroglyphidae
a Dermatophagoides
b Euroglyphus
c Malayoglyphus and Sturnophagoides
7.2.2 Acaroidea
a Acarus
b Tyrophagus
c Aleuroglyphus
d Suidasia
e Rhizoglyphus
f Thyreophagus
g Hemisarcoptes
7.2.3 Glycyphagoidea
a Glycyphagus
b Lepidoglyphus
c Gohieria
d Blomia
e Chortoglyphus
f Austroglycyphagus malaysiensis
7.2.4 Psoroptoidea
a Sarcoptes
b Psoroptes
7.2.5 Cheyletidae
a Cheyletus
7.2.6 Pyemotidae
a Pyemotes
7.2.7 Tetranychoidea
7.2.8 Trombiculidae
7.2.9 Mesostigmatid mites
7.3 Localisation of allergens within the mites
7.4 Groups of mite allergens and their classification
7.4.1 Allergen nomenclature
7.4.2 Classification of mite allergens
7.4.3 The peptidases
a Group 1 allergens
b Group 3 allergens
c Group 6 allergens
d Group 9 allergens
7.4.4 The glycosidases
a Group 4 allergens
b Group 12 allergens
c Group 15 allergens
d Group 18 allergens
7.4.5 The transferases
a Group 8 allergens
b Group 20 allergens
7.4.6 The small alpha-helical proteins
a Group 5 allergens
b Group 7 allergens
c Group 21 allergens
7.4.7 The muscle proteins
a Group 10 allergens
b Group 11 allergens
7.4.8 The lipid-binding proteins
a Group 2 allergens
b Group 13 allergens
c Group 14 allergens
7.4.9 Unclassified allergens
a Group 16 allergens
b Group 17 allergens
c Group 19 allergens
7.4.10 Other mite allergens not includedin the IUIS classification
a Oxidoreductases
b Hydrolases
c Enzyme inhibitors
d Insulin growth factor–binding proteinhomologue
e Cytoskeletal proteins
f Proteins involved in cell maintenance
g Others
7.5 Cross-reactivity and sequence polymorphisms of mite allergens
7.6 Conclusions
Appendix – amino acid sequences
8. Allergy and epidemiology
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Diseases associated with dust mites
8.2.1 Allergic diseases
a Allergic asthma
b Rhinitis, rhinoconjunctivitis, keratoconjuntivitis and otitis media
Keratoconjunctivitis
Secretory otitis media (glue ear)
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
c Atopic eczema and papular urticaria
d Anaphylaxis
e Gastrointestinal allergy
8.2.2 Non-allergic disorders associated with dust mites
a Acariasis
b Kawasaki disease
c Delusions of parasitosis
d Sick building syndrome
8.3 Sensitisation and the development of allergy and allergic disorders
8.3.1 Birth cohorts
8.3.2 The hygiene hypothesis and the microbiota hypothesis
8.4 Allergen exposure
8.4.1 Mite allergen concentrations as risk factors for allergy and asthma
8.4.2 Allergen levels in homes in relation to disease status
8.4.3 Sampling and measurement of allergens in reservoir dust
8.4.4 Monitoring airborne allergens and personal exposure
8.5 Spatial scales of variability in mite allergens in reservoir dust
8.6 Variability in allergen concentration between homes
8.6.1 Housing characteristics
a Type of home
b Age of home and state of repair
c Housing construction, foundations and flooring
d Temperature and humidity, damp, condensation and mould
e Heating and ventilation
f Insulative properties
g Beds and bedding
Bed type
Bed age
Bedding type
h Carpets
8.6.2 Human behaviour and social and economic factors
a Number of occupants
b Social and economic variables
c Smoking
d Domestic cleaning
8.6.3 Environmental factors
a Proximity to water courses
b Soil type
c Height of home above the ground
d Exposure to wind
8.6.4 Summary – hidden sources of variation?
8.7 Regional and global variation in dust mite abundance and allergen concentrations
8.7.1 Datasets
8.7.2 Population densities of mites
8.7.3 Concentrations of allergens
8.7.4 Regional and global patterns of allergen diversity and exposure
a Species assemblages and allergen exposure
8.8 Epidemiological implications of variation in allergen concentrations
8.9 Changes in exposure to mite allergens?
9. Control of dust mites and allergen avoidance
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methods for killing dust mites
9.2.1 Chemical acaricides
a Benzyl benzoate and related compounds
Benzyl benzoate – tannic acid preparations
Disinfectants containing benzyl benzoate
b Pyrethroids
9.2.2 Drying, heating and freezing
a Reduction of indoor humidity
Mechanical ventilation systems
Dehumidifiers
b Heating
Steam
Sunlight and ultraviolet exposure
Hot washing and tumble-drying
c Freezing
9.2.3 Domestic redesign
9.3 Methods for removing or isolating allergens
9.3.1 Vacuum cleaning
a Dry vacuum cleaning
b Wet vacuum cleaning
9.3.2 Washing
9.3.3 Allergen denaturation
a Chemical denaturation
b Physical denaturation
9.3.4 Barrier covers for mattresses and bedding
9.3.5 Air filtration devices
9.4 Clinical trials in homes of patients with allergic asthma
9.4.1 Meta-analyses
9.4.2 Clinical and field trials – a re-evaluation
a Introduction
b Methods
c Results and discussion
Clinical trials
Field trials
9.4.3 Other issues with clinical trials
9.4.4 Secondary trials of patients with allergicdiseases other than asthma
a Rhinitis
b Atopic dermatitis
9.4.5 Primary trials – allergen control toprevent children developing asthma
9.5 Integrated approaches to miteand allergen control
10. Conclusions and reflections
10.1 Why are dust mites still a problem?
10.2 Patterns of mite species diversity and profiles of allergen exposure
10.2.1 Resolving allergen exposure patterns
10.2.2 Extending the spatial scale – mites and pastoral nomadism
10.2.3 Extending the temporal scale –acarological archaeology
10.3 Dust mites and climate change
10.4 Unpacking the complexities of the urban environment
10.5 Interactions between dust mites, fungi and bacteria – metagenomics of allergenic organisms
10.6 Why is atopy so common?
10.7 New ways of thinking about dust mite control
Appendix 1a
A catalogue of the Family Pyroglyphidae
Family PYROGLYPHIDAE Cunliffe, 1958
Subfamily PYROGLYPHINAE Cunliffe, 1968
Genus Asiopyroglyphus Fain and Atyeo, 1990
Asiopyroglyphus thailandicus Fain and Atyeo, 1990
Genus Bontiella Fain, 1965
Bontiella bouilloni Fain, 1965
Genus Campephilocoptes Fain, Gaud and Pérez, 1982
Campephilocoptes atyeoi Fain, Gaud and Pérez, 1982
Campephilocoptes paraguayensis Fain, Gaudand Pérez, 1982
Genus Euroglyphus Fain, 1965
Euroglyphus maynei (Cooreman, 1950)
Genus Gymnoglyphus Fain, 1965
Gymnoglyphus longior (Trouessart, 1897)
Gymnoglyphus osu (Fain and Johnston, 1973)
Genus Hughesiella Fain, 1965
Hughesiella africana (Hughes, 1954)
Genus Pyroglyphus Cunliffe, 1958
Pyroglyphus morlani Cunliffe, 1958
Genus Weelawadjia Fain and Lowry, 1974
Weelawadjia australis Fain and Lowry, 1974
Subfamily DERMATOPHAGOIDINAE Fain, 1963
Genus Dermatophagoides Bogdanov, 1864
Dermatophagoides alexfaini Cruz, 1988
Dermatophagoides anisopoda (Gaud, 1968)
Dermatophagoides aureliani Fain, 1967b
Dermatophagoides evansi Fain, Hughesand Johnston, 1967
Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes, 1961
Dermatophagoides microceras Griffithsand Cunnington, 1971
Dermatophagoides neotropicalis Fainand van Bronswijk, 1973
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart, 1897)
Dermatophagoides rwandae Fain, 1967a
Dermatophagoides sclerovestibulatus Fain, 1975
Dermatophagoides siboney Dusbabek, Cuervoand Cruz, 1982
Dermatophagoides simplex Fain and Rosa, 1982
Genus Fainoglyphus Atyeo and Gaud, 1977
Fainoglyphus magnasternus Atyeo and Gaud, 1977
Genus Guatemalichus Fain and Wharton, 1970
Guatemalichus bananae Fain and Wharton, 1970
Guatemalichus tachornis Cruz, Cuervoand Dusbabek, 1984
Genus Hirstia Hull, 1931
Hirstia chelidonis Hull, 1931
Hirstia domicola Fain, Oshima and vanBronswijk, 1974
Genus Kivuicola Fain, 1971
Kivuicola kivuana Fain, 1971
Genus Malayoglyphus Fain, Cunningtonand Spieksma, 1969
Malayoglyphus carmelitus Spieksma, 1973
Malayoglyphus intermedius Fain, Cunningtonand Spieksma, 1969
Genus Onychalges Gaud and Mouchet, 1959
Onychalges asaphospathus Gaud, 1968
Onychalges longitarsus (Bonnet, 1924)
Onychalges nidicola Fain and Rosa, 1982
Onychalges odonturus Gaud, 1968
Onychalges pachyspathus Gaud, 1968
Onychalges schizurus Gaud, 1968
Onychalges spinitarsis (Fain and Gaud, 1984)
Genus Paramealia Gaud, 1968
Paramealia ovata (Gaud and Mouchet, 1959)
Genus Pottocola Fain, 1971
Subgenus Pottocola Fain, 1971
Pottocola (Pottocola) scutata Fain, 1971
Subgenus Capitonocoptes Fain and Gaud, 1984
Pottocola (Capitonocoptes) longipilis Fainand Gaud, 1984
Pottocola (Capitonocoptes) lybius Fainand Gaud, 1984
Pottocola (Capitonocoptes) ventriscutata Fainand Gaud, 1984
Genus Sturnophagoides Fain, 1967a
Sturnophagoides bakeri Fain, 1967
Sturnophagoides brasiliensis Fain, 1967b
Sturnophagoides petrochelidonis Cuervoand Dusbabek, 1987
Subfamily PARALGOPSINAE Fain, 1988b
Genus Paralgopsis Gaud and Mouchet, 1959
Paralgopsis ctenodontus Gaud, 1968
Paralgopsis paradoxus (Trouessart, 1899)
Appendix 1b
A catalogue of membersof the genus Blomia
Blomia Oudemans, 1928
Blomia freemani Hughes, 1948
Blomia gracilipes (Banks, 1917)
Blomia khaliovae Zachvatkin, 1949
Blomia kulagini Zachvatkin, 1936
Blomia thori Zachvatkin, 1936
Blomia tjibodas Oudemans, 1910
Blomia tropicalis Bronswijk, Cock and Oshima, 1973
Appendix 2
Distribution of species of domestic mites,based on published surveys
Appendix 3
Abundance and frequency of occurrenceof domestic mites in house dust, basedon published surveys
Appendix 4
Concentrations of Dermatophagoidesgroup 1 allergens in settled house dust,based on published surveys
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