Ecological Networks in an Agricultural World 1st Edition by Guy Woodward, David Bohan 0124200028 9780124200029

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ISBN 10: 0124200028

ISBN 13: 9780124200029

Author: Guy Woodward, David A. Bohan

The theme of this volume is to discuss the Ecological Networks in an Agricultural World. The volume covers important topics such Networking Agroecology, Construction and Validation of Food-webs using Logic-based Machine Learning and Text-mining and Eco-evolutionary dynamics in agricultural networks.

Ecological Networks in an Agricultural World 1st Table of contents:

Chapter One: Networking Agroecology: Integrating the Diversity of Agroecosystem Interactions

1. Introduction

1.1. Current issues in agriculture

1.2. Learning from nature

1.3. Agricultural ecosystems are intrinsically linked to human society and our goals and ideals

1.4. Assessing and predicting change in agriculture

1.5. Networking agroecology

2. What is a Network?

2.1. Interactions among network nodes

2.2. What structural information can we gain for agroecosystems using node-based metrics?

2.2.1. Network topology: connectance, degree distribution, nestedness and modularity

2.2.2. Obtaining information on the topological importance of nodes and functional groups

3. The Agricultural Landscape as a Network of Agricultural, Semi-natural and Natural Habitats

3.1. Network regulation and diversity

3.2. The role of natural, semi-natural and `agricultural element composition

4. Linking Structure, Functioning and Services

4.1. Understanding network structure, functioning and services

4.1.1. Diversity

4.1.2. Connectance

4.1.3. Networks of metapopulations

4.1.4. Ecosystem services

4.2. Can system service properties, such as yield or inputs, be brought into network approaches?

5. Evaluating and Predicting Ecosystem Change

5.1. Measuring disbenefit

5.2. Current regulation practice for agrochemicals

5.3. Predicting agrochemical impact using networks

5.4. Predicting the effects of future change using networks

5.4.1. Would larger empirical networks support agricultural decision-making?

5.5. Could we learn, in silico, larger and greater numbers of networks?

6. Conclusion

Appendix A. Migration and Interactions Among Populations

Appendix B. References for Fig.1.3

Glossary

References

Chapter Two: Connecting the Green and Brown Worlds: Allometric and Stoichiometric Predictability of

1. Introduction

2. Aims and Rationale

2.1. Expectation I-Biological properties determine ecological processes that support ecosystem servi

2.2. Expectation II-Allometric scaling is less universal than commonly assumed and reflects variatio

3. Can a Stoichiometrically Explicit First Trophic Level Be Parameterised?

3.1. Traits and prejudice

3.2. Stoichiometric plasticity of autotrophs

4. The Advantages of Stoichiometric Plasticity

4.1. Above-ground evidence for plasticity from the Catalan Forest Inventory

4.2. Below-ground evidence for plasticity from Irish grassland ecosystems

5. Constrained Resources, Isotopic Signatures and Networks

5.1. Consumer-resource body-mass ratios and isotopic signatures

5.2. Abiotic constraints on population dynamics

5.3. Environmentally driven and trait-mediated networks

6. Antagonism Above, Mutualism Below: Nature or Agriculture?

6.1. Stoichiometry and mutualism in an exploited world

6.2. Antagonism and mutualism: Implications for agroforestry

7. Scaling Stoichiometry Provides a Bridge to Ecosystem Processes

7.1. Top-down or bottom-up: The squaring of the nutrient cycle

7.2. Our expectations: Absence of evidence or evidence of absence?

8. Be Explicit: Can We Reach a Consensus?

8.1. Implementing current knowledge

8.2. Summary points and future issues

8.3. Perpetuum mobile

Acknowledgements

Appendix

References

Chapter Three: Empirically Characterising Trophic Networks: What Emerging DNA-Based Methods, Stable

1. Introduction

2. Molecular Approaches to Analyse Trophic Interactions

2.1. Methodological background

2.2. Host-parasitoid trophic interactions

2.3. Assessment of feeding on animals and plants

3. Stable Isotope Analysis

3.1. Methodological background

3.2. Identifying food sources and quantifying their dietary contribution

3.3. Trophic level, niche differentiation and food web structure

4. Fatty Acid Analysis

4.1. Methodological background

4.1.1. Qualitative fatty acid profiling

4.1.2. Quantitative fatty acid analysis

4.2. Determining food sources

4.2.1. Fatty acids as trophic markers

4.2.2. 13C in fatty acids as dietary tracers

5. Which Approach to Choose, How to Start and How to Interpret the Data?

Acknowledgements

Glossary

References

Chapter Four: Construction and Validation of Food Webs Using Logic-Based Machine Learning and Text M

1. Introduction

1.1. Ecosystem services and agricultural management

1.2. Biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and services

1.3. A network approach to model field-scale agricultural management

1.4. Networks and interactions in agriculture

1.5. Machine learning network models from data

1.5.1. Inductive logic programming (ILP) and abductive ILP (A/ILP)

1.5.2. Machine learning of biological networks using A/ILP

1.6. Text mining

2. Methods

2.1. Ecological data

2.1.1. The farm-scale evaluations data

2.1.2. Pitfall-trapping soil-surface-active invertebrates

2.1.3. Vortis suction sampling invertebrates on or around the weeds

2.1.4. Trophic-functional type classifications for the invertebrates

2.2. Machine learning of probabilistic food webs from data

2.2.1. Abduction of trophic relations from FSE data

2.2.2. Hypothesis frequency estimation

2.2.3. Cross-validation of food webs across different crops

2.2.4. Machine learning of functional food webs

2.3. Automatic corroboration of trophic links using text mining

2.3.1. Text mining and literature networks

2.3.2. Generating literature network for the species in a food web

3. Results

3.1. Pitfall versus Vortis food webs

3.2. Functional food webs

3.3. Cross-validation of species and functional food webs across different crops

3.4. Automatic corroboration of learned trophic links

3.4.1. Common trophic network

3.4.2. Merged trophic network

4. Discussion and Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Appendix A. References used for manual corroboration (Fig.4.6)

Appendix B

References

Chapter Five: Interaction Networks in Agricultural Landscape Mosaics

1. Introduction

2. Ecological Patterns and Processes in Spatially Structured Ecosystems

2.1. Ecological properties of interest: Biodiversity, network topology and functioning

2.2. Landscape complexity and the spatial heterogeneity of ecological patterns

3. The Goals of Agricultural Landscape Mosaics Studies: Management for Crop Production and Other Eco

4. Specific Properties of Agricultural Landscape Mosaics: Temporal and Spatial Heterogeneity

5. Metaecosystems and Agricultural Landscape Mosaics

5.1. Metaecosystem models

5.2. Agricultural mosaics as evolving metaecosystems and prospects for future advances

6. Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter Six: Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics of Agricultural Networks: Implications for Sustainable Manage

1. Introduction

2. Within Field, Applying Evolutionary Perspectives to the Selection of Agricultural Species

2.1. General effects of domestication and selection

2.2. Beyond the one trait approach: Accounting for trade-offs

2.3. Adapting to local practices and conditions: The importance of diversity

2.4. Beyond individuals: The influence of selection processes on the community and ecosystem context

3. Disturbances Due to Agriculture: Implications for Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics Within Surrounding Ec

3.1. Nutrient enrichment and its ecological and evolutionary consequences in agricultural landscapes

3.2. Chemical warfare in agricultural landscapes: The ecological and evolutionary consequences of pe

3.3. Effects of altering species composition and relative abundance of species in agricultural lands

4. Accounting for Spatial Heterogeneities: Dispersal, Fragmentation, and Evolution in Agricultural L

4.1. Characteristics of agricultural landscapes, past, present and future

4.2. Consequences of agricultural landscape structure in terms of gene flow

4.3. Consequences of spatial modifications from a demographic point of view

4.4. Consequences of spatial structure for pairwise co-evolution

4.5. Beyond pairwise interactions: Consequences of eco-evolutionary dynamics for community structure

4.6. Land sparing versus land sharing, from an evolutionary point of view

5. Perspectives and Challenges

Acknowledgements

Appendix A. Evolution of the investment into nutrient uptake, effects on emergent functioning

Appendix B. Mixing group selection and individual selection in co-evolutionary models

Appendix C. Effects of enrichment on the control of biomass within a tri-trophic food chain when the

Appendix D. Eco-evolutionary dynamics in a plant-herbivore-predator confronted to insecticides

Appendix E. Evolution of specialization rate of the pest and its ecological consequences

Glossary

References

Chapter Seven: Modelling Interaction Networks for Enhanced Ecosystem Services in Agroecosystems

1. Introduction

2. Which Network Model for Which Ecosystem Service Question?

2.1. Food web models for pest regulation services

2.1.1. Existing models

2.1.2. Application to the improvement of ecosystem services

2.1.3. Trends and future challenges

2.1.4. Case study 1-modelling arthropod food webs to test pest regulation strategies

2.1.4.1. The system under study and the services targeted

2.1.4.2. The modelling approach

2.1.4.3. Main outputs

2.2. Spatial network models for describing spatial and spatio-temporal agroecosystem dynamics

2.2.1. Existing models

2.2.2. Application to the improvement of ecosystem services

2.2.3. Trends and future challenges

2.2.4. Case study 2-designing networks of crop fields for the collective management of disease

2.2.4.1. The system and targeted services

2.2.4.2. The modelling approach

2.2.4.3. Main outputs

2.3. Decision interaction models for the design of management strategies

2.3.1. Existing models

2.3.2. Application to the improvement of ecosystem services

2.3.3. Trends and future challenges

2.3.4. Case study 3-which agricultural landscape network provides sustainable management of weeds?

2.3.4.1. The system and targeted services

2.3.4.2. Factored MDPs for designing sustainable weed management strategies in a landscape network

2.3.4.3. Modelling weed community spatio-temporal dynamics in a landscape network

3. Toward a Comprehensive Approach That Links Networks and Services

4. Conclusions and Future Directions

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