Electromagnetics for High Speed Analog and Digital Communication Circuits 1st Edition by Ali Niknejad 0511270097 9780521853507

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ISBN 10: 0511270097 

ISBN 13: 9780521853507

Author: Ali M. Niknejad

Modern communications technology demands smaller, faster and more efficient circuits. This book reviews the fundamentals of electromagnetism in passive and active circuit elements, highlighting various effects and potential problems in designing a new circuit. The author begins with a review of the basics – the origin of resistance, capacitance, and inductance – then progresses to more advanced topics such as passive device design and layout, resonant circuits, impedance matching, high-speed switching circuits, and parasitic coupling and isolation techniques. Using examples and applications in RF and microwave systems, the author describes transmission lines, transformers, and distributed circuits. State-of-the-art developments in Si based broadband analog, RF, microwave, and mm-wave circuits are reviewed. With up-to-date results, techniques, practical examples, illustrations and worked examples, this book will be valuable to advanced undergraduate and graduate students of electrical engineering, and practitioners in the IC design industry.

Table of contents:

1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation
Technology enhancements
Radio and wireless communication
Computers and data communication
Microwave systems
Optical communication
1.2 System in Package (SiP): chip and package co-design
1.3 Future wireless communication systems
1.4 Circuits and electromagnetic simulation

2 Capacitance
2.1 Electrostatics review
Perfect conductors
Perfect conductor boundary conditions
Poisson’s equation (aka Fish equation)
Dielectrics
Review of dipoles
Atomic dipole moment
Ionic polarizability
Total polarization
Effective volume and surface charge
Electric flux density vector
Dielectric boundary conditions
Normal D
Tangential E
2.2 Capacitance
Parallel plate capacitor
Parallel plate capacitor with dielectric
Capacitance matrix
Electrostatic energy of a capacitor
Energy of the electrostatic field
2.3 Non-linear capacitance
Small-signal capacitance
Large-signal capacitance
Junction diode
MOS capacitor
Flat band
Accumulation
Depletion
Inversion
Threshold voltage
MOS Q-V and C-V curves
2.4 References

3 Resistance
3.1 Ohm’s Law
Conductivity of a gas
Conduction in metals
Free carrier mobility
Drift
Charge conservation
Relaxation time for good conductors
3.2 Conduction in semiconductors
Electrons and holes
Doping
Acceptor and donor accounting
Free carrier mobility
Free carrier mobility model
Hall effect
3.3 Diffusion
3.4 Thermal noise
Thermodynamic origin of noise
3.5 References

4 Ampère, Faraday, and Maxwell
4.1 Ampère: static magnetic fields
Experimental observations
Magnetic force
Magnetic field
Units of magnetic field
Direction of magnetic force
E and B duality
Magnetic charge
Divergence of B
Divergence of curl
Ampère’s Law
Application of Ampère’s Law
Magnetic vector potential
Equations for potential
Why use vector potential?
From vector A to B
Yet another vector identify
4.2 Magnetic materials
Magnetization vector
Another Divergence Theorem
Vector potential due to magnetization
Volume and surface currents
Relative permeability
Ampère’s equation for media
Magnetic materials
Paramagnetic materials
Ferromagnetics and ferrimagnetics
Boundary conditions for a magnetic field
Tangential H
Normal B
Boundary conditions for a conductor
4.3 Faraday’s big discovery
Faraday’s Law in differential form
Example 8
Transformers
Generating sparks!
The return of the vector potential
Is the vector potential real?
4.4 Maxwell’s displacement current
Magnetic field of a capacitor
Displacement current of a capacitor
Maxwell’s equations
Source-free regions
Time-harmonic Maxwell’s equation
Tangential boundary conditions
Boundary conditions for current
4.5 References

5 Inductance
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Inductance
Magnetic flux
Flux linkage
Mutual and self inductance
System of mutual inductance equations
5.3 Magnetic energy and inductance
Energy for a system of current loops
Energy for two loops
Generalize to N loops
Energy in terms of vector potential
Energy in terms of fields
Another formula for inductance
Self inductance of filamentary loops
Magnetic energy of a circuit
Coupling coefficient
5.4 Discussion of inductance
Magnetostatics and quasistatics
Magnetic flux
Internal and external inductance
Internal inductance of a round wire
Inductance for a general structure
Mutual inductance
Magnetic energy perspective
Magnetic vector potential
5.5 Partial inductance and return currents
5.6 Impedance and quality factor
5.7 Frequency response of inductors
Skin effect
Surface impedance
Impedance of round wires
Approximate impedance of rectangular wires
Lossless inductors
5.8 Quality factor of inductors
Inductor loss mechanisms
Conductive losses
Internally induced losses
Externally induced losses
Magnetization losses
Displacement current losses
Radiative losses
Overall quality factor due to multiple loss mechanisms
5.9 Inductors and switching circuits
5.10 Preview: how inductors mutate into capacitors
5.11 References

6 Passive device design and layout
6.1 Ring inductor
Skin effect
Substrate losses
6.2 The classic coil
Rectangular coils
6.3 Spirals
6.4 Symmetric inductors
6.5 Multilayer inductors
6.6 Inductor equivalent circuit models
6.7 Integrated capacitors
Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors
Capacitor Q
6.8 Calculation by means of the vector potential
Partial inductance
Magnetic vector integral and differential equations
Filamental calculations
Geometric mean distance and the Grover/Greenhouse methods
General orthogonal geometries
Arbitrary geometry
Effect of an ideal ground plane
6.9 References
6.10 Appendix: Filamental partial mutual inductance

7 Resonance and impedance matching
7.1 Resonance
Series RLC circuits
Circuit transfer function
Circuit bandwidth
Circuit damping factor
Energy storage in RLC “tank”
Parallel RLC circuits
Circuit transfer function
7.2 The many faces of Q
Practical issues with resonators
Inductor equivalent circuit
Shunt-series transformation
Simplifying practical RLC resonators
LC tanks
7.3 Impedance matching
Why play the matchmaker?
Optimal power transfer
Optimal noise figure
Minimum reflections in transmission lines
Optimal efficiency
Capacitive and inductive dividers
An L match
Insertion loss of an L-matching network
Reactance absorption
A Pi match
A T match
Multi-section low Q matching
7.4 Distributed matching networks
7.5 Filters
7.6 References

8 Small-signal high-speed amplifiers
8.1 Broadband amplifiers
Resistive load amplifiers
Tuned amplifiers
Feedback amplifiers
Single stage feedback
Shunt peaking
Reactive series feedback
Practical issues with inductive degeneration
RF chokes and bypass caps
Parasitic inductance
8.2 Classical two-port amplifier design
The admittance parameters
Properties of a two-port
Input/output admittance
Power gain
Comparison of power gains
Maximum gain
Two-port stability and passivity
Stability of a two-port
Linvill/Llewellyn stability factors
Stability from scattering parameters
stability test
K- test
Mason’s invariant U function
Properties of U
Maximum unilateral gain
Unilaterized two-port
Neutralization
Single-stage feedback revisited
Inductive degeneration
Capacitive degeneration
Resistive degeneration
Shunt feedback
8.3 Transistor figures of merit
8.4 References

9 Transmission lines
9.1 Distributed properties of a cable
9.2 An infinite ladder network
9.3 Transmission lines as distributed ladder networks
Telegrapher’s time harmonic equations
Transmission line properties
9.4 Transmission line termination
9.5 Lossless transmission lines
Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
Transmission line input impedance
Shorted transmission line
9.6 Lossy transmission lines
Transmission line input impedance
Dispersionless line
Power flow on a lossy line
9.7 Field theory of transmission lines
9.8 T-line structures
The coaxial line
Balanced two-wire line
On-chip differential transmission line
Stripline and microstrip line
Co-planar lines
9.9 Transmission line circuits
Open and short transmission lines
Open transmission line
Shorted transmission line
Half-wave line
Quarter-wave line
Transmission line resonance
Shorted half-wave line resonance
Shorted quarter-wave line resonance
Feynman’s can
Lumped/distributed resonant networks
9.10 The Smith Chart
Smith Chart construction
Load on Smith Chart
The Admittance Chart
9.11 Transmission line-matching networks
Matching with lumped elements
Matching with T-line stubs
Matching with the aid of the Smith Chart
9.12 References

10 Transformers
10.1 Ideal transformers
10.2 Dot convention
10.3 Coupled inductors as transformers
10.4 Coupled inductor equivalent circuits
10.5 Transformer design and layout
10.6 Baluns
10.7 Hybrid transformer
10.8 Transformer parasitics
10.9 Transformer figures of merit
10.10 Circuits with transformers
Mixers
Interstage power matching
Power combining
Magnetic feedback
RFID
10.11 References

11 Distributed circuits
11.1 Distributed RC circuits
Distributed resistor
Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor
Single contact structure
Double contact structure
11.2 Transmission line transformers
Low frequencies: a common-mode choke
Broadband inverter
Transmission line transformer balun
4:1 Unbalanced Guannella transformer
11.3 FETs at high frequency
Extrinsic gate resistance
Intrinsic gate NQS resistance
Gate induced noise
FET equivalent circuit
11.4 Distributed amplifier
Ideal lossless distributed amplifier
Lossy distributed amplifier
Artificial distributed amplifier
11.5 References

12 High-speed switching circuits
12.1 Transmission lines and high-speed switching circuits
Advantages of transmission lines
12.2 Transients on transmission lines
Time domain voltage/current waveforms
12.3 Step function excitation of an infinite line
Energy on a transmission line
12.4 Terminated transmission line
The bounce diagram
Physical intuition: shorted Line
Steady-state waveform
Ringing for open/short Loads
Transmission line resonator
Cascade of transmission lines
Junction of parallel T-lines
12.5 Reactive terminations
12.6 Transmission line dispersion
12.7 References

13 Magnetic and electrical coupling and isolation
13.1 Electrical coupling
Electrical shielding
Ground plane
13.2 Magnetic coupling
Magnetic isolation
Shield and ground together
13.3 Ground noise coupling
Supply and ground bounce
Bypass and decoupling
Ground noise rejection techniques
13.4 Substrate coupling
Substrate injection mechanisms
Substrate isolation
Guard rings
FET substrate network
13.5 Package coupling
13.6 References

14 Electromagnetic propagation and radiation
14.1 Maxwell’s equations in source-free regions
One-dimensional waves
Polarized TEM fields
Wave velocity
Sinusoidal plane waves
Magnetic field of a plane wave
Wave equation in three dimensions
14.2 Penetration of waves into conductors
Penetration depth
Interpretation of surface impedance
Time-harmonic wave equation
Lossy materials
Propagation constant and loss
Effective dielectric constant
Propagation in low-loss materials
Waves in conductors
14.3 Poynting vector
Energy storage and loss in fields
Poynting’s Theorem
Interpretation of the Poynting vector
14.4 EM power carried by a plane wave
Average power of a plane wave
Plane wave “resonance”
14.5 Complex Poynting Theorem
Average complex Poynting vector
14.6 Reflections from a perfect conductor
14.7 Normal incidence on a dielectric
Transmission line analogy
Reflection and transmission with three materials
14.8 References

15 Microwave circuits
15.1 What are microwave circuits?
15.2 Microwave networks
15.3 Lorentz reciprocity theorem
Conductive surface
Radiation boundary
Uniqueness theorem
15.4 The network formulation
Symmetry of impedance matrix
Loss-free networks
15.5 Scattering matrix
Incident and scattering waves
Conversion formula
Reciprocal networks
Another proof
Scattering parameters of a lossless network
Orthogonal properties of S
Shift in reference planes
15.6 Properties of three-ports
Non-reciprocal three-port circulator
Three-port with single port mismatch
Power dividers and combiners
Wilkinson divider
Even mode
Odd mode
Port impedance
15.7 Properties of four-ports
Directional coupler
Branch line coupler
15.8 Two conductor coupler
15.9 References

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Tags: Ali Niknejad, Electromagnetics, Analog, Communication