Emergency Point of Care Ultrasound 2nd Edition by James Connolly, Anthony Dean, Beatrice Hoffmann, Robert Jarman 047065757X 9780470657577

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ISBN 10: 047065757X

ISBN 13: 9780470657577

Author: James A. Connolly, Anthony J. Dean, Beatrice Hoffmann, Robert D. Jarman

Emergency Medicine Residents, trainees and qualified physicians. The book will cover the basic ultrasound applications so that it is suitable both for practitioners who are just beginning in ultrasound scanning and those who have many years of experience.

Emergency Point of Care Ultrasound 2nd Table of contents:

Part 1: Physics

1 How Does Ultrasound Work?

Introduction

What is Ultrasound?

Constructing the Image

Making Sense of Ultrasound Images

What Happens to a Pulse of Sound as it Travels Through a Patient?

Summary

Further Reading

Part 2: Ultrasound by Region

Thorax

2 Evaluation of the Chest Wall, Pleura and Lung

Introduction

Technique

Normal Sonographic Findings

Chest Wall Lesions

Pleural Diseases

Interstitial Syndrome

Lung Consolidations

Pearls and Pitfalls

Summary

Further Reading

3 Point‐of‐Care Ultrasonography of the Thoracic Aorta

Introduction

Normal Anatomy and Scanning Technique

Sonographic Technique

Pathologic Findings

Pearls and Pitfalls

Summary

Further Reading

4 Anatomy/Ultrasonography of the Heart

Introduction

Probe Orientation

Improving Image Quality

Cardiac Windows, Planes and Views

Pearls and Pitfalls

Further Reading

5 Basic Point‐of‐Care Echocardiography

Introduction

The Ultrasound Examination

Normal Findings at Echocardiography: 2D and M‐Mode

Haemodynamic Patterns in the Critically Ill

Advanced Echocardiography and ‘Departmental Scans’

Further Reading

Other Reference Material

6 Beyond Basic Point‐of‐Care Echocardiography

Introduction

When is Basic Not Enough?

Practical Issues

Ventricular Assessment

Volume Status

Pericardial Effusion

Valvular Pathology

Aortic Pathology

Chest Trauma

Conclusions

Further Reading

Abdomen

7 Ultrasound Assessment of the Abdominal Aorta in the Acute Setting

Introduction

The Abdominal Aorta

What is an Aneurysm?

How to Scan the Abdominal Aorta and Iliac Arteries

Ultrasound Appearances of an Aneurysm

How to Measure an AAA

Ultrasound Appearances of Open Repair and Endovascular Aortic Repair (EVAR) Stent Grafts

Pearls and Pitfalls

Further Reading

8 Focussed Assessment with Sonography in Trauma – The FAST Exam

Introduction

The FAST Technique

Extended FAST Examination

Algorithm for FAST

Limitations and Discussion

Pearls and Pitfalls

Further Reading

9 Advanced Gastrointestinal Ultrasound: Identifying Appendicitis, Pneumoperitoneum, Intussusception and Diverticulitis

ACUTE APPENDICITIS

Introduction and History

Comparison with CT and MRI

Normal Sonographic Findings

Scanning Technique

Scanning Locations

Acute Appendicitis Findings

Pearls and Pitfalls

PNEUMOPERITONEUM

Introduction and History

Scanning Technique and Location

Pearls and Pitfalls

INTUSSUSCEPTION

Introduction

Scanning Technique and Location

Sonographic Findings

Pearls and Pitfalls

DIVERTICULITIS

Introduction

Scanning Technique and Location

Pathology

Pearls and Pitfalls

Further Reading

10 Intravascular Volume Assessment by Ultrasound Evaluation of the Inferior Vena Cava

Background

Sonographic Technique

Acquiring IVC Measurements

Interpreting the Ultrasound Examination

Special Circumstances

The Effects of Positive‐Pressure Ventilation

Pearls and Pitfalls

Further Reading

11 Emergency Ultrasound in First‐Trimester Pregnancy

Introduction

Indications

Technique

Sonographic Findings

Pitfalls

The Integrated Algorithm

Further Reading

12 Second‐ and Third‐Trimester Pregnancy

Introduction

General Technique

Second and Third Trimester – Normal Findings

Second and Third Trimester Pregnancy – Pathology

Summary

Further Reading

13 Gynaecological Ultrasound in Emergency Medicine: The Non‐Pregnant Female Patient with Abdomino‐Pelvic Pain

Introduction

Uterus, Ovary, Follicles and Cysts

Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian Torsion

Tubo‐Ovarian Abscess and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

TOA and PID in summary

Pearls and Pitfalls

Further Reading

14 Focused Hepatobiliary Ultrasound

Introduction

History of Hepatobiliary Ultrasound in the Emergency Department

Focused Ultrasound in Diagnosing Hepatobiliary Pathology

Radiology versus Clinician‐Performed Ultrasound

Ultrasound versus Computed Tomography versus HIDA Scanning

The Normal Gallbladder

Cholelithiasis

Acute Cholecystitis

The Prognostic Value of Signs

Special Considerations

Biliary Duct Obstruction

Current Value of Ultrasound as a Clinical Decision‐Making Tool

Summary

Further Reading

15 Renal Ultrasound

Introduction

Anatomy and Sonoanatomy

Scanning Technique

Pathology

Pearls and Pitfalls

Further Reading

16 Ultrasound Evaluation of the Acute Scrotum

Introduction

Technique and Anatomy

Testicular Torsion

Other Causes of Testicular Complaints

Summary

Further Reading

Extremities

17 The Lower Limb and the Upper Limb

The Lower Limb

The Upper Limb

Further Reading

18 Ultrasonography of Deep Venous Thrombosis

Introduction

Clinical Indications

Scanning Technique and Normal Findings

Pathology

Secondary Findings/Advanced Techniques

Scanning Tips and Areas of Uncertainty

Summary

Pearls and Pitfalls

Further Reading

19 Transcranial Doppler

Introduction

Technique

Interpretation

Doppler findings in Common Pathological Conditions

Clinical Applications

Pearls and Pitfalls

Further Reading

20 Ocular Ultrasound

Introduction

Scanning Techniques

Normal Eye Anatomy on Ultrasound

Common Ocular Pathologies Visualised on Bedside Ultrasound

Extraocular Pathology

Pearls and Pitfalls

Further Reading

21 Airway/Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Sonography

Introduction

Scanning Technique

Odynophagia and Dysphagia

Swelling and Pain in the Face and Neck

Facial Trauma

Further Reading

Part 3: Paediatrics

22 Paediatric Musculoskeletal Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound

Introduction

Technique

Normal Anatomy

Skin and Soft‐Tissue Infection

Foreign Body

Dislocation/Subluxation

Ligament, Tendon and Muscle Injury

Procedures

Joint Effusions

Ultrasound in Assessment of the Paediatric Hip

Summary

Further Reading

23 Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound in Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care

Introduction

Paediatric ICU Haemodynamic Management

Mechanical Ventilation

Procedure‐Related Peculiarities

Vascular Access in Paediatrics

Abdominal Surgical Emergencies in the Newborn

Further Reading

24 Paediatric Abdominal Ultrasound

Introduction

Pyloric Stenosis

Pylorospasm

Intussusception

Volvulus

Appendicitis

Further Reading

Part 4: Adjunct to Practical Procedures

25 Ultrasound‐Guided Vascular Access

Introduction

Technical Considerations

Pearls and Pitfalls

Conclusions

Further Reading

26 Pericardiocentesis, Paracentesis and Thoracentesis

Introduction

Pericardiocentesis

Paracentesis

Thoracentesis

Further Reading

27 Suprapubic Aspiration and Catheterisation

Introduction

Indications

Contraindications

Technique

Further Reading

28 Ultrasound in the Management of Fractures

Introduction

Fracture Diagnosis

Fracture Reduction

Obtaining POCUS Images of Bone

Technique

Toddler’s Fracture

Guidance for Fracture Reduction

Training

Summary

Further Reading

29 Ultrasound‐Guided (USG) Peripheral Nerve Block (PNB)

Introduction

Evidence Basis of USG Nerve Blocks

Education in Regional Anaesthesia

Upper‐Extremity Nerve Blocks

Lower‐Extremity Nerve Blocks

Truncal Nerve Blocks

Further Reading

30 Foreign Body and Abscess

Introduction

Technique

Pearls and Pitfalls

Foreign Body Echogenicity, Shadowing and Reverberation Artefact

Summary

31 Ultrasound of the Airway

Introduction

Pre‐Intubation Evaluation

Endotracheal Tube Confirmation

Assessment of Sliding Lung Sign

Assessment of Diaphragmatic Movement

Pre‐Extubation Evaluation

Alternative Evaluations

Further Reading

Part 5: Syndromic Approach

32 Chest Pain and Dyspnea

Introduction

Chest Pain and Acute Coronary Syndrome

Non‐Ischaemia‐Related Chest Pain

Dyspnoea: Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) versus Non‐CHF‐Related

Further Reading

33 Bedside Ultrasound as an Adjunct in the Evaluation and Management of Critically Ill Patients

Introduction

‘ABC: Airway …’

Intravascular Volume Assessment

Sonographic Evaluation of the Heart

Evaluation of the Lungs and Pleural Spaces

Bedside Ultrasound in the Setting of Cardiac Arrest

Further Reading

34 Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound in Resuscitation and Cardiac Arrest: The FEEL Protocol

Echocardiography in the Context of Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)

Details of the FEEL Examination

Anatomical Structures and Associated Diagnostic Entities to be Identified

Pearls and Pitfalls

Future Directions for Ultrasound in Resuscitation

Conclusions

Further Reading

35 Non‐Invasive Haemodynamics

Basic Haemodynamics

Practical Approach

Future Perspectives

Further Reading

36 Doppler Assessment of Haemodynamics

Introduction

Principles of Doppler Measurements

Qualitative (Colour) Doppler

Quantitative Doppler

Doppler Measurement of Flow Volumes

Pulsatile Flow Measurements

Continuous‐Wave Doppler and Pulsed‐Wave Doppler

Quantifying Haemodynamics

Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy Ratio (PKR)

Left Ventricular End‐Diastolic Volume (LVEDV)

Putting the Jigsaw Together

Summary

Further Reading

37 Algorithmic Bedside Approach to the Major Trauma Patient in Extremis

Bedside Approach to Blunt Abdominal Trauma

Penetrating Torso Injury

Severe Head Injury

Further Reading

38 A Syndromic Approach with Sonography to the Patient with Abdominal Pain

Introduction

Background

General Technique

Clinical Applications

Pearls and Pitfalls

Further Reading

39 A Syndromic Approach to the Pregnant Patient

Introduction

Abdominal Pain

Nausea/Vomiting

Dyspnoea

Trauma

Vaginal Bleeding

Difficult Labour in a Resource‐Poor/Austere Environment

Pearls and Pitfalls

Further Reading

40 The Use of Ultrasound in Evaluating Dyspnoea/Respiratory Distress in Infants and Children

Lung Diseases of the Newborn

Lung Diseases of the Infant and Child

Further Reading

41 Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound for Human Immune‐Deficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB) Co‐Infection: The FASH Scan

Introduction

Relationship Between HIV and TB

Role of Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound in High‐Prevalence HIV and TB Co‐Infection Settings

Focussed Assessment with Sonography in HIV/TB (FASH Scan)

FASH Scan and Diagnosis of AIDS

Role of the FASH Scan in Low‐Prevalence HIV and TB Co‐infection Settings

Pearls and Pitfalls

Further Reading

42 Fever and Ultrasound

Introduction

Pneumonia

Endocarditis

Biliary

Splenic Infarct and Abscess

Intra‐Abdominal Abscess

Thrombophlebitis

Cutaneous Abscess

Further Reading

Part 6: Different Environments

43 The Role of Ultrasound in Pre‐Hospital Care

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James Connolly,Anthony Dean,Beatrice Hoffmann,Robert Jarman,Emergency