Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 2nd Edition by Simon A Levin ISBN 1784025445 9781784025441

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ISBN 10: 1784025445 
ISBN 13: 9781784025441
Author: Simon A Levin

The 7-volume Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Second Edition maintains the reputation of the highly regarded original, presenting the most current information available in this globally crucial area of research and study. It brings together the dimensions of biodiversity and examines both the services it provides and the measures to protect it. Major themes of the work include the evolution of biodiversity, systems for classifying and defining biodiversity, ecological patterns and theories of biodiversity, and an assessment of contemporary patterns and trends in biodiversity.

The science of biodiversity has become the science of our future.  It is an interdisciplinary field spanning areas of both physical and life sciences. Our awareness of the loss of biodiversity has brought a long overdue appreciation of the magnitude of this loss and a determination to develop the tools to protect our future.

Second edition includes over 100 new articles and 226 updated articles covering this multidisciplinary field- from evolution to habits to economics, in 7 volumes
The editors of this edition are all well respected, instantly recognizable academics operating at the top of their respective fields in biodiversity research; readers can be assured that they are reading material that has been meticulously checked and reviewed by experts
Approximately 1,800 figures and 350 tables complement the text, and more than 3,000 glossary entries explain key terms

Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 2nd Table of contents:

1. Editor-In-Chief Biography
2. Dedication
3. Section Editors List
4. Foreword to the First Edition
5. Preface to the First Edition
6. References
7. Preface to the Second Edition
8. Permission Acknowledgments
9. Agriculture
10. Agricultural Invasions
11. Glossary
12. Introduction
13. Exotic Species Introductions in the United States
14. Exotic Species Introductions in the United Kingdom
15. Exotic Species Introductions in Australia
16. Exotic Species Introductions in South Africa
17. Exotic Species Introductions in India
18. Exotic Species Introductions in Brazil
19. Conclusions
20. See also
21. References
22. Agriculture, Industrialized
23. Glossary
24. Introduction
25. The Intensification of Crop Production
26. The Implications of Intensification for Crop Genetic Diversity
27. The Commercializaton of Crop Production
28. The Implications of Commercialization for Crop Genetic Diversity
29. Conclusions
30. See also
31. References
32. Agriculture, Nutrient Management, and Water Quality
33. Glossary
34. Introduction
35. Water Quality Criteria
36. The Evolution of Agriculture
37. Managing Nutrients in Agriculture
38. Remedial Beneficial Management Practices (BMPs)
39. Water Quality Response to Land-Use Change
40. Conclusions
41. See also
42. References
43. Agriculture, Sustainable
44. Glossary
45. Elements of Sustainability
46. Development of the Sustainability Concept
47. Indicators of Sustainability
48. Examples of Sustainable Cropping Systems
49. Conclusions
50. See also
51. References
52. Agriculture, Traditional
53. Glossary
54. Introduction
55. Biodiversity Features of Traditional Agroecosystems
56. The Complex Nature of Traditional Farmers’ Knowledge
57. The Ecological Services of Biodiversity in Traditional Agroecosystems
58. Preserving the Biodiversity of Traditional Agroecosystems
59. Using Biodiversity-Based Strategies to Support Traditional Agriculture
60. Conclusions
61. See also
62. References
63. Agrobiodiversity
64. Glossary
65. Introduction
66. Agrobiodiversity and Modern Agricultural Intensification
67. Ecological Functions of Agrobiodiversity
68. Agrobiodiversity Utilization and Conservation: Socioeconomic Considerations
69. See also
70. References
71. Aquaculture
72. Glossary
73. Introduction
74. Aquaculture Development and Practices
75. Feed Resources
76. Land, Water, and Energy
77. Wild Capture of Larvae and Spawners
78. Impacts of Wastes, Chemicals, Diseases, and Feral Animals
79. Resource Use and Carrying Capacity – Energy Analysis, Ecological Footprint and Life-Cycle Assessment
80. Integrated Aquaculture
81. Conclusions
82. See also
83. References
84. Biodiversity-Friendly Farming
85. Glossary
86. Article Outline
87. Introduction
88. Local Measures for Biodiversity-Friendly Farming
89. Criticisms of Biodiversity-Friendly Farming
90. Biodiversity-Friendly Farming at the Landscape-Scale
91. Conclusion
92. Appendix
93. See also
94. References
95. Breeding of Animals
96. Glossary
97. Introduction
98. Overview of Livestock Genetic Diversity
99. Conservation Planning: Coordinating the Use and Conservation of Livestock Genetic Resources
100. Management Strategies for Sustainable Use and Conservation of Livestock Genetic Resources
101. Impacts of New Technologies
102. Prospects and Threats
103. Appendix
104. See also
105. References
106. Cattle, Sheep, and Goats, Ecological Role of
107. Glossary
108. Domestication of Ruminants: The Process that Changed the Face of the Earth
109. Ecosystem-Level and Global Effects of Large Domestic Animals
110. Biotic Relationships of Large Domestic Animals
111. See also
112. References
113. Crop Mixtures and the Mechanisms of Overyielding
114. Glossary
115. Crop Mixtures
116. Overyielding
117. Mechanisms of Overyielding
118. Conclusions
119. Appendix
120. Acknowledgments
121. See also
122. References
123. Domestication of Crop Plants
124. Glossary
125. Introduction
126. The Traditional Agricultural Systems of the World
127. The Emergence of Agriculture
128. Reproductive Systems in Plants Under Domestication
129. Conscious Versus Unconscious Selection
130. Methods of Maintenance of Crops and their Impact
131. The Purpose for which the Plant is Being Grown
132. The Impact of Sowing and Reaping
133. Appendix 1: Crops of Various Regions
134. Southwest Asia, Mediterranean Basin, and Temperate Europe
135. East Asian Agriculture
136. Southeast Asian Agriculture (Including the Indian Subcontinent)
137. Sub-Saharan African Agriculture
138. American Agriculture
139. See also
140. References
141. Ecology of Agriculture
142. Glossary
143. Introduction
144. Planned and Unplanned Diversity in Agroecosystems
145. Impact of Planned Diversity on Ecological Processes
146. Unplanned Diversity and Ecological Services
147. Agriculture and Diversity in the Landscape
148. Future Directions
149. See also
150. References
151. Feeding the World and Protecting Biodiversity
152. Glossary
153. The Scope of Global Agriculture
154. Effects of Agriculture on Biodiversity
155. Thresholds of Biodiversity Loss
156. Creating a Sustainable Future
157. Conclusion
158. Appendix
159. See also
160. References
161. Herbicides
162. Glossary
163. The Concept of a Weed
164. Weed Management
165. Effects of Herbicides on Biodiversity
166. Conclusions
167. See also
168. References
169. Hybridization in Plants
170. Glossary
171. Introduction
172. Homoploid Hybridization
173. Hybridization and Polyploidy
174. Ecological Consequences of Hybridization
175. Conclusions
176. References
177. Indigenous Strategies Used to Domesticate Plants in Brazilian Amazon
178. Glossary
179. What is Domestication?
180. How Does Domestication Happen?
181. The Selection, Fixation, and Status of Amazonian Plant Domestication
182. Final Comments
183. See also
184. References
185. Land-Use Changes and CO2 Emissions Due to US Corn Ethanol Production
186. Glossary
187. Introduction
188. The Complexity and Global Nature of Land-Use Change
189. GTAP Simulations and their Results
190. Land-Use CO2 Emission Factors
191. Estimated Land-Use CO2 Emissions Due to US Ethanol Production
192. Final Analysis
193. Conclusions
194. Limitations of this Research
195. See also
196. References
197. Range Ecology, Global Livestock Influences
198. Glossary
199. Rangelands of the World
200. Biological Impoverishment Associated with Livestock Grazing
201. Conclusions: Human Institutions and Livestock-Caused Degradation
202. See also
203. References
204. Resource Exploitation, Fisheries
205. Glossary
206. History
207. The Current Situation
208. Fisheries Science
209. The Future of Commercial Fisheries
210. See also
211. References
212. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture, Effects of
213. Glossary
214. Definition of Slash-and-Burn Agriculture
215. Reasons for Slash-and-Burn Agriculture
216. The Importance of Fallow Length; Long and Short Fallow Slash-and-Burn Systems
217. Geographic Distribution and Characteristics of Slash-and-Burn Agriculture
218. Effects of Clearing at Field Establishment
219. Consequences of Burning
220. Effects during the Cultivation Phase
221. Effects during the Fallow Phase
222. The Scale Dependence of the Effects Caused by Slash-and-Burn Agriculture
223. Alternative Systems to Slash-and-Burn Agriculture
224. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture and Carbon Sequestration
225. See also
226. References
227. Timber Industry
228. Glossary
229. Main Features of Boreal Forests, with Special Reference to Finland
230. Dynamics of Boreal Forest Ecosystems and Management Implications
231. Management of Forests for Optimal Productivity and Timber Production
232. Impacts of Timber-Oriented Management on Biodiversity: Comparison between Managed and Natural Forest Areas
233. Conclusions
234. See also
235. References
236. Conservation and Restoration
237. Biofuels and Biodiversity, Wildlife Habitat Restoration
238. Glossary
239. Introduction
240. Impacts of Changing Land Use – Native Ecosystems
241. Impacts of Changing Land Use – Crop and Pasturelands
242. Comparison of Bioenergy Systems
243. Global, Regional, Landscape, and Local Allocation
244. Conclusions
245. Appendix
246. See also
247. References
248. Captive Breeding and Reintroduction
249. Glossary
250. General Aspects of Captive Breeding and Reintroduction Programs
251. Difficulties with Captive Breeding and Reintroduction Programs
252. Genetic and Demographic Management of Captive Populations
253. Reintroducing Captive-Bred Animals to the Wild
254. See also
255. References
256. Captive Breeding and the Evolutionarily Significant Unit
257. Glossary
258. A Variety of Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) Concepts
259. Captive Breeding
260. An Example from Pacific Salmon
261. Two Ways of Thinking about Captive Populations and ESUs
262. Conclusions
263. References
264. Conservation Biology, Discipline of
265. Glossary
266. Definition
267. Ecosystems and Communities
268. Species and Populations
269. Individuals and Genes
270. Future Challenges
271. See also
272. References
273. Conservation Efforts, Contemporary
274. Glossary
275. Introduction: New Concepts in Conservation
276. Analysis of Evolving Thinking in Conservation Biology
277. Tools for Managing and Conserving Species
278. Conservation in Human Altered Landscapes
279. Future Directions and Emerging Challenges in Conservation
280. See also
281. References
282. Conservation Movement, Historical
283. Glossary
284. The Background of Conservation
285. Modern Origins of Conservation
286. The Evolution of Twentieth-Century Conservation
287. Emerging Themes in Conservation
288. Appendix
289. See also
290. References
291. Diseases, Conservation and
292. Glossary
293. Types of Parasites and Causes of Disease
294. Basic Epidemiological Principles
295. Infectious Diseases as Threats to Biological Diversity
296. Anthropogenic Drivers of Disease Emergence in Nature
297. Positive Role for Pathogens in Biodiversity and Conservation
298. Managing Diseases and Biodiversity in the Future
299. Equal Rights for Parasites?
300. See also
301. References
302. Identifying Conservation Priorities using a Return on Investment Analysis
303. Glossary
304. What is a Return-on-Investment (ROI) Analysis?
305. The Value of ROI Analysis in Conservation
306. Framing ROI Problems
307. Defining Conservation Return
308. Estimating Investment
309. ROI Analysis
310. Opposition and Challenges
311. Appendix
312. References
313. Impact of Ecological Restoration on Ecosystem Services
314. Glossary
315. Ecological Restoration
316. Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Services
317. The Future of Restoration and Ecosystem Services
318. Appendix
319. See also
320. References
321. Implications of Urbanization for Conservation and Biodiversity Protection
322. Glossary
323. Why Think About Cities?
324. Effects of Cities on the Environment
325. Dependence of cities on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
326. Solutions
327. Appendix
328. See also
329. References
330. In Situ, Ex Situ Conservation
331. Glossary
332. Introduction
333. Why Does Biodiversity Need Conservation?
334. What Threatens Biodiversity?
335. What Is Biodiversity Conservation?
336. Methods of Conservation
337. Sustainable and Integrated Biodiversity Conservation
338. Appendix
339. See also
340. References
341. Landscape Corridors
342. Glossary
343. Introduction
344. Evidence from Models
345. Empirical Evidence
346. Conclusions and Future Directions
347. Appendix
348. See also
349. References
350. Marine Conservation in a Changing Climate
351. Glossary
352. Introduction
353. Physiological Impacts
354. Impacts on Distribution and Abundance
355. Evolutionary Impacts
356. Community Impacts
357. Conservation Strategies
358. Research Needs
359. Colonization
360. See also
361. References
362. Marine Protected Areas: Static Boundaries in a Changing World
363. Glossary
364. Introduction
365. Systems Approach to Marine Conservation
366. Benefits of MPAs
367. Socioeconomic Benefits
368. Global Commitment to MPA Establishment
369. MPA Effectiveness
370. Role of MPAs in a Changing World: Rising to the Challenge
371. Appendix
372. See also
373. References
374. Nature-Based Coastal Defenses: Can Biodiversity Help?
375. Glossary
376. Outline
377. Introduction
378. A Short History of Coastal-Protection Strategies
379. Nature-Based Coastal Defense: Where Are We?
380. How Biodiversity Can and Does Matter on Different Scales
381. Conclusions
382. References
383. Nitrogen Deposition and Terrestrial Biodiversity
384. Glossary
385. Overview of the Issue
386. Background on Nitrogen as a Nutrient and Pollutant in Ecosystems
387. How Nitrogen Deposition Impacts Terrestrial Biodiversity
388. Research Approaches: How Do We Know What We Know?
389. Conditions that Alter the Magnitude of Impacts on Biodiversity
390. Overview on Vulnerability
391. Can Systems Naturally Recover from Nitrogen-deposition Induced Changes in Biodiversity?
392. Management Options to Prevent Degradation and Restore Biodiversity
393. Conclusions and Next Steps
394. Appendix
395. See also
396. References
397. Oil-Palm Plantations in the Context of Biodiversity Conservation
398. Glossary
399. Oil Palm: Green Gold or Great Evil?
400. Oil Palm and Biodiversity
401. Broader Environmental Impacts of Oil Palm
402. Enhancing the Biodiversity Values of Oil Palm
403. Conclusions
404. See also
405. References
406. Primate Populations, Conservation of
407. Glossary
408. Introduction
409. Overview of Global Primate Diversity and Conservation
410. Threats to Primates
411. Conservation Status of Primates
412. Primate Conservation in the New Millennium
413. Outlook for the Future
414. See also
415. References
416. Priority Setting for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
417. Glossary
418. Introduction
419. Broadening Conservation Planning with Ecosystem Services
420. Conclusions
421. Appendix
422. See also
423. References
424. Reforestation
425. Glossary
426. Introduction
427. Need for Reforestation
428. Methods of Overcoming Degradation
429. Can Restoration Ever be Achieved?
430. Methods of Reforestation
431. Ecosystem Recovery After Reforestation
432. Choosing Areas to Reforest
433. Specialized Conditions or Sites with Particular Problems
434. Socioeconomic Issues
435. Conclusion
436. Case Study 1: Forest Restoration by Transforming Monospecific Conifer Plantations in the UK
437. Case Study 2: Mixed-Species Plantings in North Queensland, Australia
438. Case Study 3: Restoration of Habitats of Endangered Biota in New Zealand
439. Case Study 4: Reforestation after Mining Tropical Forest Lands in Brazil
440. Case Study 5: Reforestation after Mining in Temperate Forest Lands in Australia
441. Case Study 6: Reforestation of Degraded Lands in Nepal
442. See also
443. References
444. Restoration of Animal, Plant, and Microbial Diversity
445. Glossary
446. Restoration Goals: Conservation and Biodiversity
447. Restoring a Diverse Plant Community
448. Restoring Animal Diversity
449. Promoting Microbial Diversity
450. Conclusions
451. Acknowledgments
452. See also
453. References
454. Restoration of Biodiversity, Overview
455. Glossary
456. Introduction
457. Genetic Considerations
458. Restoring Single Species to Habitat Remnants
459. Restoring Communities
460. Restoring Biologically Diverse Landscapes
461. See also
462. References
463. Role and Trends of Protected Areas in Conservation
464. Glossary
465. Overview: How Protected Areas Are Defined, Selected, and Created
466. Status: Where and How Much; Measures of Effectiveness
467. Trends in Protected Area Conservation
468. See also
469. References
470. Role of Botanic Gardens
471. Glossary
472. Introduction
473. Defining the Botanic Garden
474. Types of Botanic Gardens
475. Distribution of Botanic Gardens
476. Early History of Botanic Gardens
477. Botanic Gardens and Research
478. Botanic Garden Collections
479. Botanic Garden Herbaria
480. Botanic Garden Education
481. Botanic Garden Networks and Their Development
482. Botanic Gardens and Plant Conservation
483. Botanic Garden Roles in Addressing Climate Change
484. Botanic Gardens and the Sustainability Movement
485. Botanic Gardens and Human Health
486. Conclusion

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