Energy Portfolios 1st Edition by Aswathanarayana 1134105037 9781134105038

I.I Coal: Its Mode of Formation and Economic Importance

1.1.1 Formation of coal

1.1.2 Coal-bearing sedimentation sequences

1.1.3 Importance of coal in the energy economy

1.2 Carbon Emissions and Climate Change

1.2.1 Carbon dioxide emissions and radiative forcing

1.2.2 Biophysical and socioeconomic consequences of Global Warming

1.3 Coal Mining Technologies and the Environment

1.3.1 Opencast mining

1.3.1.1 Mine layouts

1.3.1.2 Projected advances

1.3.2 Underground mining

1.3.2.1 Advantages

1.3.2.2 Room-and-pillar method and longwall mining

Advantages

Disadvantages

1.3.2.3 Special problems of underground mining of coal

1.3.3 Equipment automation

1.3.4 Environmental impact analysis of coal mining

1.3.5 Rehabilitation of mined land

1.3.6 Economics of environmental protection

1.4 Environmental Impact of the Coal Cycle

1.4.1 General considerations

1.4.2 Preparation of coal

1.4.3 Disposal of coal mine tailings

1.4.4 Subsidence

1.4.5 Coal dusts during the coal cycle

1.4.6 Environmental consequences of coal use in the steel industry

1.4.6.1 Techniques for reducing gaseous pollutants in the steel industry

1.5 Wastes From Coal Industries

1.5.1 Solid wastes

1.5.2 Liquid wastes

1.5.3 Emissions due to coal industries

1.5.4 Loss of biodiversity

1.5.5 Beneficial use of mining wastes

1.6 Health Hazards Due to Coal Industries

1.6.1 Dust hazards in coal mining

1.6.2 Dust hazards in steel industry

1.6.2.1 Pathological effects of mineral dusts

1.6.2.2 Fibrogenetic effects

1.6.2.3 Carcinogenic effects

1.6.2.4 Analytical methods

1.6.2.5 Monitoring of dusts

1.6.3 Falls and explosions

1.6.4 Mine flooding

1.6.5 Chemical hazards

1.6.5.1 Health hazards due to chemical pollutants in air

Oxides of sulphur (SOx)

Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2)

1.6.6 Biological hazards

1.6.7 Mental hazards

1.7 The Way Ahead

1.7.1 Power generation technologies

1.7. I.I Supercritical and ultra-supercritical pulverized coal combustion

1.7.1.2 Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC)

1.7.1.3 Integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC)

1.7.1.4 Other technologies

1.7.2 Solving the climate problem with current technologies

1.8 Role of Coal in the Energy Portfolio of South Africa

1.8.1 South African coal in the global setting

1.8.2 The South Africa energy scene

1.8.3 South Africa’s coal resources

1.8.4 Coal export industry

1.8.5 Infrastructure

1.8.6 The value of coal in South African economy

1.8.8 Clean coal technologies

1.8.9 Legislation and policy

1.8.10 Opportunities for South African coal

1.8.10.1 Threats to South African coal industry

1.8.10.2 Projected developments in the energy sector

1.9 Role of Coal in the Energy Portfolio of China

1.9.1 Demographic, economic and political context

1.9.2 China’s energy sector

1.9.3 Coal resources of China

1.9.4 Coal transport

1.9.5 Electricity from coal-fired power stations

1.9.6 Economics of power generation

1.9.7 Environmental impact of the coal industry

1.9.8 Coal and climate change

1.9.9 Energy efficiency

Consolidated List of References of Section I

Section-II Energy from oil and natural gas

Preamble

2.1 Introduction

2.2 World Energy Status

2.2.1 Consumption and demand

2.2.2 End-use sector

2.3 Energy From Oil

2.3.1 Prices and consumption of oil

2.3.2 Distribution, reserves and resources of oil

2.3.3 Production peak and future demand for oil

2.3.3.1 Carbon dioxide emissions from oil usage

2.4 Energy From Natural Gas

2.4.1 Prices and consumption

2.4.2 Geographic distribution, reserves and resources

2.4.3 End-use sector and carbon dioxide emissions

2.5 Towards Efficient Usage of Oil And Natural Gas in Future

2.5.1 Fuel switching

2.5.2 End-use efficiency

2.6 Saudi Arabia – Country Case Study

2.6.1 Introduction

2.6.2 Distribution, reserves and resources

2.6.3 Production, consumption and exports

2.6.3.1 Oil

2.6.3.2 Natural gas

2.6.4 End-use sectors and carbon dioxide emissions

2.6.4.1 End-use sectors

2.6.5 Future scenario

2.7 Russia – Country Case Study

2.7.1 Introduction

2.7.2 Distribution, reserves and resources

2.7.3 Production and exports

2.7.3.1 Production

2.7.3.2 Exports

2.7.4 End-use sectors and carbon dioxide emissions

2.7.4.1 End-use sectors

2.7.4.2 Carbon dioxide emissions

2.7.5 Future scenario

Consolidated List Of References Of Section II

Section-III Energy from the Atom

Preamble

3.1 Nuclear Power

3.1.1 Radiation units

3.1.2 Fissile and fertile radioactive isotopes

3.1.3 Uranium resources

3.1.3.1 Important uranium minerals

3.1.3.2 Geochemistry and geologic setting of uranium deposits

3.1.4 Thorium resources

3.1.5 Three-stage development of nuclear power in India

3.2 Disposal of Uranium Mill Tailings

3.2.1 Introduction

3.2.2 Mineralogy and geochemistry of uranium mill tailings

3.2.2.1 Uranium

3.2.2.2 Radium-226

3.2.2.3 Radon-222

3.2.2.4 Thorium-230

3.2.2.5 Arsenic

3.2.3 Environmental impact of uranium mines and mill tailings

3.2.4 Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)

3.2.4.1 Case history of Elliott Lake (Canada) uranium tailings

3.2.4.2 Case history of Aznalcóllar (Spain) tailings dam spill

3.2.5 Modeling of contaminant impact

3.2.6 Conclusion

3.3 Spent Nuclear Fuel

3.3.1 Nuclear Fuel Cycles

3.3.2 Nuclear Fuel Fabrication

3.3.3 Radioactivity of Spent Nuclear Fuel

3.3.4 Structure and Composition of the Spent Nuclear Fuel

3.3.5 Behaviour of SNF in a geologic repository

3.3.6 Natural Fission Reactors of Oklo, Gabon, West Africa

3.3.7 Neptunium Mobility and its implications for SNF disposal

3.4 Vitrification of Radioactive Wastes

3.4.1 Geological issues relevant to the siting of waste repositories

3.4.2 High-level wastes immobilized in glass

3.4.3 Geochemical considerations in the fabrication of waste glass

3.4.4 Long-term stability of nuclear waste glass

3.4.5 Glass – water reactions

3.4.6 Modeling of alteration mechanisms

3.4.7 Immobilization of waste actinides in ceramic

3.4.8 Single phase waste forms

3.4.8.1 Pyrochlore

3.4.8.2 Zirconolite

3.4.8.3 Perovskite

3.4.8.4 Brannerite

3.4.8.5 Zircon

3.4.8.6 Monazite

3.4.8.7 Conclusion

3.5 Radiation Hazards

3.5.1 Radiation from rocks

3.5.2 Radon risk

3.5.3 Biogeochemical cycling of radioactive pollutants

3.5.3.1 Atmosphere

3.5.3.2 Hydrosphere

3.5.3.3 Pedosphere

3.5.3.4 Biosphere

3.5.3.5 Transfer between pools

3.5.4 Meltdown

3.5.4.1 The Three-Mile Island (TML) accident

3.5.5 Chernobyl reactor accident

3.5.5.1 Iodine and Caesium isotopes

3.5.5.2 Current concerns in regord to Chernobyl

3.5.6 Epilogue

3.6 Future of Nuclear Power

3.6.1 Resource position

3.6.2 Cost of nuclear power

3.6.3 Projected nuclear power capacity

3.6.4 Reactor designs

3.6.5 Pebble-bed reactors

3.6.6 R&D areas

3.7 Role Of Nuclear Power in India’s Energy Security

3.7.1 Introduction

3.7.2 India’s energy resource base

3.7.2.1 Demand projections

3.7.3 History of development of nuclear power in India

3.7.3.1 India’s three-stage nuclear power programme

3.7.3.2 Additionalities to the three-stage programme of India

3.7.3.3 Current status of nuclear power

3.7.3.4 Significant achievements in nuclear power technology

3.7.3.4.1 Achievements in nuclear power plant operation

3.7.3.4.2 Safety performance

3.7.3.4.3 Renovation & modernisation

3.7.3.4.4 Project construction performance

3.7.3.4.5 Financial performance

3.7.4 Future plans – Nuclear reactors planned & capacity buildup

3.7.5 Safety management in Indian nuclear power plants

3.7.5.1 Security management

3.7.5.2 Waste management

3.7.6 Merits of nuclear power

3.7.7 Techno-economic aspects of production of Nuclear power – investments and tariffs

3.7.8 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

3.8 Role of Nuclear Power in the Energy Portfolio of Japan

3.8.1 Endowment of uranium and thorium resources of Japan

3.8.2 Present and projected consumption of nuclear energy per capita in relation to the primary energy sources in the energy mix

3.8.3 Technologies to improve the production of electricity from uranium, investments (per kWe) and fuel costs (per kWh) of the present and projected nuclear energy

3.8.4 Hazards, risks, safety, policy, management, etc. of nuclear industry

3.8.5 Health impacts of radiation environment (quality of air, water, soil, etc.) of the projected nuclear energy use

3.8.6 Implications of the projected nuclear energy use on GDP per capita and quality of life

Consolidated References For Section III

Section-IV Renewable energy resources

Preamble

4.1 Hydropower

4.1.1 Introduction

4.1.2 Hydropower facilities

4.1.2.1 “Storage” projects

4.1.2.2 Three Gorges project (China): A case study

4.1.3 Pumped storage hydroelectricity

4.1.4 “ln-river” small-scale hydropower projects

4.1.5 Resources and costs

4.2 Geothermal And Ocean Energy

4.2.1 Introduction

4.2.2 Costs

4.2.3 Research & Development

4.2.4 Ocean energy

4.2.4.1 R&D and costs

4.3 Wind Energy

4.3.1 Introduction

4.3.2 Projected growth of wind power

4.3.3 Technology and cost developments

4.3.4 Market overview

4.3.5 Environmental factors

4.3.6 Offshore wind power

4.3.6.1 General considerations

4.3.6.2 Investment costs

4.3.6.3 Further technology development

4.4 Biomass And Bioenergy

4.4.1 Introduction

4.4.2 The Brazilian experience with ethanol

4.4.2.1 Carbon emission abatement

4.5 Solar Energy

4.5.1 Introduction

4.5.2 Photovoltaics

4.5.3 PV technology

4.5.3.1 Thin films

4.5.3.2 Costs

4.5.3.3 R&D needed

4.5.3.4 New concept PV devices

4.5.4 Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

4.5.4.1 General considerations

4.5.4.2 Description of CSP technology

4.5.4.3 Costs

4.5.4.4 Projected R&D efforts

Consolidated List of References of Section IV

Section-V Quo Vadis?

Preamble

5.1 Global Energy Security

5.1.1 Introduction

5.1.2 Demographic assumptions

5.1.3 Macroeconomic assumptions

5.1.4 Per capita GDP, energy use and carbon dioxide emissions

5.1.5 ACT and Blue scenarios

5.1.6 Decarbonising the different sectors

5.1.6.1 Decarbonisation of the power sector

5.1.6.2 Decarbonisation of the transport sector

5.1.6.3 Decarbonisation of the industry sector

5.1.6.4 Decorbonisotion of the buildings and appliances sector

5.1.7 Energy efficiency trends

5.1.8 Research & Development, demonstration and deployment

5.1.9 Key roadmaps for sustainable energy future

5.2 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage

5.2.1 Overview

5.2.2 Economics and technological status of carbon dioxide capture and storage

5.2.2.1 Capture

5.2.2.2 Transport

5.2.2.3 Storage

5.2.2.4 Cost of carbon dioxide capture and storage

5.2.3 Underground geological storage

5.2.3.1 Capacity of the storage

5.2.3.2 Technical background

Injection well technologies

Monitoring and verification technology

5.2.3.3 Environmental impacts, risks, and risk management

5.2.4 Processes and pathways for release of CO2 from geological storage sites

5.2.5 Potential hazards to human health and safety

5.2.6 Risk management

5.2.7 Legal issues

5.3 Nuclear Power in France: A Success Story

5.3.1 Introduction

5.3.2 French scientific tradition regarding nuclear science

5.3.3 From 1945 to 1973: “The glorious thirty years”

5.3.4 The first generation of nuclear plants

5.3.5 Reacting to the first oil shock

5.3.6 From 1974 to 2000: The French “quantitative” nuclear programme

5.3.7 A comprehensive systemic approach to nuclear power

5.3.8 Preparing for the renewal of the PWR fleet

5.3.9 200 I: Enters AREVA

5.3.10 Conclusion

Consolidated References For Section V

Main French web sites providing informations on the French nuclear programme or French nuclear industry:

Appendix

Author index

Subject index

Colour plates