Evidence Based Nephrology 2 Volume Set 2nd Edition by Donald A Molony ISBN 1119105927 9781119105923

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ISBN 10: 1119105927 

ISBN 13: 9781119105923

Author: Donald A. Molony

Table of contents: 

Part I: Epidemiology
1 An Introduction to the Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Definition of CKD
CKD and Outcomes
Risk Factors for CKD
Prevalence of CKD
CKD in the Developing World
Kidney Disease as a Global Public Health Priority
CKD in Specific Subgroups
Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions
References
2 The Surveillance and Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease
Surveillance of CKD
Outputs from Estimates of CKD Burden from Around the World
Summary and Conclusions
References
3 Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Epidemiology of CKD and Kidney Failure
Pathophysiology of CKD Progression
Prognostic Factors for Progression to Kidney Failure
Risk Prediction Models for Kidney Failure
Clinical Application and Impact of Kidney Failure Risk Prediction Models
Conclusions
List of Abbreviations
References
4 Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Existing CKD Early Detection and Prevention Programs
Review of Current Guideline Recommendations for CKD Screening
Effectiveness of Screening for CKD in Terms of Costs and Consequences
Summary
References
5 Risk Prediction in Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Conventional Biomarkers
Novel Biomarkers
The Role of AKI in Predicting Future CKD
CKD Risk Scores
The Kidney Failure Risk Equations
Newer Prediction Models
eGFR and Cardiovascular Risk
Proteinuria/Albuminuria and Cardiovascular Risk
Future Considerations
References
6 Chronic Kidney Disease in Disadvantaged Populations
Introduction
Epidemiology
Definitions and Theoretical Framework
Challenges in the Diagnosis of CKD Among Disadvantaged Populations
Challenges and Opportunities in Treatment
Conclusion
References
Part II: Acute Kidney Injury
7 Overview/Definition, Classification, and Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Disease
Introduction
Overview/Definition
Classification of AKI
Limitations of SCr to Define AKI
Biomarkers of AKI/AKD
Epidemiology of AKI: Identification of High‐risk Patients
Epidemiology of AKI: Incidence and Outcomes
References
8 Prerenal Failure and Obstructive Disease
Introduction
Summary
References
9 Hepatorenal Syndrome
Pathogenesis
Arterial Vasodilation
Reduced Cardiac Output
Systemic Inflammation
Renal Vasoconstriction
Diagnostic Approach
Clinical Features
AKI and HRS‐AKI Criteria
Urinary Biomarkers
Management
Pharmacological Therapy
Aim of Pharmacological Therapy
Nonpharmacological Therapy
Prevention
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
10 Acute Tubular Necrosis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Prevention
Treatment
Conclusions
References
11 Iodinated Contrast and Acute Kidney Injury
Pathophysiology
Nomenclature and Definition
Incidence
Risk Factors
Associated Outcomes
Prevention
Conclusion
References
12 Miscellaneous Etiologies of Acute Kidney Injury
Introduction
AKI Associated with Malignancies
Pathophysiology
Management
Ethylene Glycol Poisoning
Renovascular Etiologies of Acute Kidney Injury
References
13 Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury
Introduction
Renal Replacement Therapies in AKI
Indications for Acute Renal Replacement Therapy
Timing of Dialysis Initiation
Dose of Renal Replacement Therapy in AKI
RRT Circuit Considerations
Summary
References
Part III: Primary Diseases of the Kidney
14 Renal Biopsy
GRADE Recommendations
Introduction
Procedure
Preprocedure Care
Post‐procedure Care
Complications
Conclusion
References
15 Minimal Change Disease and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in Adults
Introduction
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Prognosis
Treatment
Conclusion
References
16 Membranous Nephropathy
Introduction
Natural History
Clinical Manifestations
Pathogenesis
Predicting Factors
Response Measurements
Treatment
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Disease and Treatment Summary
References
17 IgA Nephropathy in Adults and Children
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Prognosis
The Oxford Classification of IgA Nephropathy
Treatment
All Patients with IgAN
Patients with Recurrent Visible Hematuria
Patients with Isolated Invisible Hematuria and Proteinuria of <1 g/24 h
Patients with Rapidly Declining GFR
Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome
Patients with Slowly Progressive Renal Impairment
Immunosuppressive Treatments in Adults
Corticosteroids in Adults
Corticosteroids in Children
Cyclophosphamide with/without Azathioprine in Adults
Cyclophosphamide with/without Azathioprine in Children
MMF and Mizoribine in Adults and Children
Fish Oil in Adults
Rituximab
Other Therapies
References
18 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
Introduction
MPGN: Histology
MPGN: Novel Classification and Pathophysiology
Immune‐complex‐mediated MPGN
HCV‐associated Immune‐complex‐mediated MPGN
Complement‐mediated MPGN or C3 Glomerulopathy
C3G, Dense Deposit Disease, and C3GN
MPGN: Clinical Presentation and Natural History
Treatment
Summary
References
19 Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Conclusion
References
20 Urinary Tract Infection
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Prognosis
References
21a Toxic Nephropathies
Introduction
Heavy Metals
Silicon
References
21b Toxic Nephropathies
Introduction
Actions of Renal Prostaglandins
Effects on COX‐2 NSAIDs on Renal Prostaglandins
Maintenance of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate
Postoperative Use of NSAIDs
Renal Dysfunction in COX‐2 Trials
Renin Release and Potassium Homeostasis
Natriuresis and Diuresis
Acute Renal Impairment and Acute Tubular Necrosis
Acute Tubulo‐Interstitial Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis
Renal Papillary Necrosis
Chronic Kidney Disease
Salt and Water Retention
Hypertension
Hyperkalemia and Hyporeninemic Hypoaldosteronism
Therapeutic Use of NSAIDs in Nephrotic Syndrome
Conclusions
References
Part IV: Secondary Diseases of the Kidney
22 Hypertension
Introduction
Why Treat Hypertension?
Treatment of Hypertension in CKD
Patient Populations
Peritoneal Dialysis
Hemodialysis
Pharmacotherapy
Research Needs
References
23 Renovascular Disease
Introduction
Cholesterol Embolism and Radiocontrast Toxicity
Conclusions
References
24 Secondary Diseases of the Kidney
Diabetic Nephropathy vs. Diabetic Kidney Disease
Incidence and Prevalence of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Pathogenesis of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Screening and Diagnosis of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Prevention, Treatment, and Follow‐up of Diabetic Kidney Disease
References
25 Lupus Nephritis
Introduction
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Conclusion
References
26 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Conclusion
References
27 Pregnancy
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Conclusion
References
28 ANCA‐associated Vasculitis
Introduction and Definitions
Conclusions
References
29 Paraprotein‐associated Kidney Disorders
Introduction
Diagnostic Evaluation
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Glomerular Lesions
Treatment
Conclusion
References
30 Primary Immune Complex‐mediated Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis and C3 Glomerulopathies
Introduction
Definitions
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation and Outcome
Renal Pathological Findings
Laboratory Work‐up
Toward a Global Approach for C3G and IC‐MPGN
Treatment of C3G and IC‐MPGN
Conclusion
References
Part V: Chronic Kidney Disease and Complications
31 Cardiovascular Disease and CKD
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Tests
Prognosis
Management
Conclusion
References
32 Infection and CKD
Introduction
CKD and Risk of Developing Infections
CKD and Susceptibility to Infection
Complications of Infections among People with CKD
Preventing and Treating Infections among People with CKD
Conclusions
References
33 Treatment of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Clinical Outcomes in Randomized Controlled Trials
Erythropoiesis‐stimulating Agents
Peginesatide
Intravenous Iron
Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors
Conclusion
References
34 Dyslipidemia in Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Epidemiology
Dyslipidemia as a Precursor of CKD
Dyslipidemia in Nonproteinuric NDD‐CKD and Hemodialysis
Changes in Triglyceride‐carrying Lipoprotein Particles in NDD‐CKD
Changes in Triglyceride‐carrying Lipoprotein Particles Common to NDD‐CKD and Hemodialysis
Changes in LDL Common to Nonproteinuric NDD‐CKD and Hemodialysis
Dyslipidemia in Nephrotic Syndrome and Peritoneal Dialysis
Nephrotic Syndrome
Peritoneal Dialysis
HDL Changes in CKD
HDL Structural Changes
HDL Functional Changes
Dyslipidemia in Patients with Renal Transplant
Prednisone
Calcineurins
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors
Lipid‐altering Trials in CKD Patients
Statins in Hemodialysis
Statins in Peritoneal Dialysis
Statins in Renal Transplant
Statins and Progression of CKD
Statins and Adverse Outcome/Safety in CKD
Statin Dose
Statins and Diabetes Risk
Nonstatin Lipid Lowering in CKD
Cholesterol
Triglyceride/HDL
Guidelines
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
35 Chronic Kidney Disease and Hypertension
Introduction
Epidemiology
Assessment of Blood Pressure
Pathophysiology
Differential Diagnosis
Goals of Treatment of Hypertension in the Patient with CKD
Blood Pressure Target
Conclusion
References
36 Chronic Kidney Disease‐Mineral and Bone Disorder
Introduction
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Tests
Prognosis
Treatment
Conclusion
References
37 Nutritional Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathophysiology, Detection, and Treatment
Introduction
Epidemiology of Protein‐energy Wasting
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis: Assessment of Nutritional Status
Prognosis: Consequences of PEW in Mortality, Morbidity, and Quality of Life
Treatment
Megestrol Acetate
Anti‐inflammatory Agents
Anabolic Agents
Conclusions
References
38 Preparation for Dialysis
Introduction
Epidemiology of ESKD and Dialysis Therapies
Timing of Nephrology Referral (Early vs. Late) and Outcomes
Importance of Patient Educational and Learning Programs
Modality Selection and Timing of Dialysis Initiation
Preparation for Hemodialysis and Vascular Access
Preparation for Peritoneal Dialysis
Conclusion
References
39 Choice of Hemodialysis or Peritoneal Dialysis for Kidney Replacement Therapy
Introduction
Early Start or Timely Referral for Dialysis Initiation
Guidelines and Studies on When to Initiate Dialysis Treatment
HD or PD as Initial Kidney Replacement Therapy
Patient Survival
Quality of Life and Biochemical Parameters
Conclusion
References
Index
Volume II
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
List of Contributors
Part VI: Hemodialysis
40 Modalities of Extracorporeal Therapy
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Dialysis Modality
Treatment
Conclusion
References
41 Dialysis Dose and Adequacy for Hemodialysis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Conclusion
References
42 General Management of the Hemodialysis Patient
Introduction
Potassium Metabolism
Management of Metabolic Acidosis
Introduction
Hypertension
Nutrition
References
43 Infections in Hemodialysis Patients
Introduction
Nosocomial Infections
Conclusion
References
44 Vascular Access for Hemodialysis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Prevention of Arteriovenous Access Failure
Conclusion
References
Part VII: Peritoneal Dialysis
45 Small Solute Clearance in Peritoneal Dialysis
Introduction
Definitions
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology of Solute Transport in Peritoneal Dialysis
Assessing Peritoneal Transfer Rate
Assessment of Impact of Small Solute Clearance on Patient Survival
Recommended Targets and Monitoring of PD Adequacy
Strategies for Optimizing Peritoneal Solute Clearance
Strategies for Preserving Residual Kidney Function
Biocompatible Fluids
RAS Blockade
Aminoglycosides
Iodinated Radiocontrast Media
Dietary Intervention
Diuretics
Other Factors
Conclusions
References
46 Salt and Water Balance
Introduction
Definitions
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Conclusion
References
47 Solutions
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Conclusions
References
48 Peritoneal Dialysis
Introduction
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Prevention
Summary
Treatment
Exit Site and Tunnel Infections
Peritonitis
Catheter Removal
Summary
Conclusions
References
49 Urgent‐start Peritoneal Dialysis
Introduction
Definition
Epidemiology
Patient Selection
Catheter Insertion
Urgent‐start PD Prescription
Outcomes
Conclusion
References
50 Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Insertion
Introduction
Epidemiology
Interventions
Laparoscopic Versus Open Surgical PD Catheter Insertion
References
Part VIII: Supportive Care
51 Overview of Kidney Supportive Care
Defining Kidney Supportive Care
Rationale for the Development of a Kidney Supportive Care Model
Models of Care
Shared Decision‐making
Conservative Kidney Management
Communication
Conclusion
References
52 Symptoms
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
The Negative Impacts of Symptoms
Healthcare Provider Education and Attitudes toward Symptom Management in CKD
Symptom Screening
General Approach to the Management of Symptoms
Conclusion
References
53 Prognostication in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Goals of Prognostication
Patients’ Preferences on Prognostication
Understanding Prognostic Models
Availability of the Evidence on Prognostic Models in the Context of Kidney Supportive Care
Limitations and Future Research Directions
References
54 Advance Care Planning
Introduction
Conclusion
References
55 Conservative Kidney Management and Dialysis Withdrawal
Introduction
Definitions
Epidemiology
Decision‐making around CKM and Dialysis Withdrawal
When CKM is the Chosen Treatment Option
When Withdrawal from Dialysis is the Chosen Treatment Option
Special Considerations for Terminal Symptom Management at the End of Life
Conclusion
References
Part XI: Transplantation
56 Evaluation of the Living Donor Kidney
Introduction
Assessment of the Living Kidney Donor’s Fitness to Undergo the Operation
Assessment of the Long‐term Medical Outcomes for Living Kidney Donors
Psychosocial Considerations for Living Kidney Donors
Transmission of Disease from the Donor to the Kidney Transplant Recipient
Recent Trend Toward Accepting Living Kidney Donors with Medical Conditions
References
57 The Impact of Deceased Donor Quality and Outcomes after Kidney Transplantation
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Deceased Donors
Expanded Criteria Donors/High Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI > 0.85)
Donors Labeled High Infectious Risk
Donors with Hepatitis C
Donors with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Donation after Cardiac Death
Conclusions
References
58 Early Medical and Surgical Complications After Kidney Transplantation
Early Surgical Complications
Early Medical Complications
Conclusion
References
59 Infections After Kidney Transplantation
Introduction
Definitions
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusions
References
Part X: Electrolytes and Acid‐Base Disorders
60 Electrolyte Disorders
Introduction
Dysnatremia
Dyskalemia
Hypo‐ and Hypermagnesemia
References
61 Metabolic Evaluation and Prevention of Kidney Stone Disease
Introduction
Urologic Aspects of Stone Disease
Evaluation of Stone Formers
Nonspecific Prevention of Stones
Calcium Stones
Thiazides
Citrate
Other Treatments for Kidney Stones
Calcium Phosphate Stones
Struvite Stones
Uric Acid Stones
Cystine Stones
Summary
References
Part IX: Pediatrics
62 Growth, Nutrition, and Development
Introduction
Phases of Normal Growth and the Influence of Renal Disease
Definitions
Epidemiology of Growth Disorders in CKD
Pathophysiology of Poor Growth in CKD
Diagnosis/Evaluation
Available Guidelines and Systematic Reviews
Effect of Height on Long‐term Outcome
Conclusion
References
63 Bone Disease in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Definition and Pathophysiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnostic Tests
Bone Imaging
Treatment
Conclusion
References
64 Anemia
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Conclusions
References
65 Peritoneal Dialysis in Children
Introduction
PD in Acute Kidney Injury
PD for ESRD
PD Catheter Placement/Usage
PD‐associated Infections
PD‐associated Comorbidities
PD‐associated Patient Survival and Causes of Death
Conclusions
References
66 Hemodialysis
Introduction
Literature Search
Technique of HD, HDF, and Home Dialysis in Children
HDF: Potential Advantages Over Conventional HD
Home Hemodialysis
Vascular Access in Children
HD Adequacy
Choice of Anticoagulation in HD/HDF
Dry Weight and UF Management
Complications of Dialysis
HD in Young Children <10 kg
References
67 Urinary Tract Infections in Children
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment and Imaging
Conclusion
References
68 Henoch–Schonlein Purpura Glomerulonephritis and IgA Nephropathy in Children
Introduction
HSP Nephritis
Epidemiology of HSP Nephritis
Natural History of HSP Nephritis
IgA Nephropathy
Conclusion
References
69 Hereditary Nephritis in Children
Introduction
Alport Syndrome
Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy
Conclusions
References
70 Shigatoxin‐related Hemolytic‐uremic Syndrome
Introduction
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Conclusions
References
Part XII: Patient‐centered Care and Outcomes
71 Shared Decision‐making
Introduction
Shared Decision‐making in Nephrology
Decision Tools
Barriers and Opportunities
Conclusions
References
72 Fatigue
Introduction
Definition
Assessment
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Patient Experience of Fatigue
Conclusions
References
73 Depression
Introduction
Definition
Epidemiology
Risk Factors for Depression in CKD Populations
The Impact of Depression on CKD Outcomes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusions
References
74 Pain
Introduction
Epidemiology
Clinical Relevance of Experiencing Pain
Key Considerations in the Assessment of Pain
Pain Assessment Instruments
Nonpharmacological Approach to Pain Management
Pharmacologic Approach to Pain Management
A Stepwise Approach to the Introduction and Titration of Analgesics
Specific Pain Syndromes in Patients with Advanced CKD
Conclusions
References
75 Neurocognitive Disorders
Introduction
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Patient and Caregiver Needs and Preferences
Conclusions
References
76 Pruritus
Introduction
Epidemiology
Clinical Significance
Clinical Presentation
Pathophysiology
Evaluation
Treatment
Conclusion
References
77 Sexual Dysfunction
Introduction
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Patient and Partner Needs and Preferences
Conclusions
References
78 Family and Caregiver Support
Introduction
Caregiver Burden
Interventions
Conclusion
References
Index
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