Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems 1st Edition by Diana S Aga ISBN 1420052322 9781420052336

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ISBN 10: 1420052322 
ISBN 13: 9781420052336
Author: Diana S Aga

The detection of pharmaceutical residues remained elusive until instruments such as liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry became commonplace in environmental laboratories. The documentation of the occurrence of pharmaceutical residues and endocrine disrupting chemicals in water resources has raused questions about their long-term effects

Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems 1st Table of contents:

Part I Occurrence and Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment
Chapter 1 Environmental Presence and Persistence of PharmaceuticalsAn Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of Recent Literature
1.3 Introduction Into the Environment
1.4 Environmental Presence and Fate
References
Chapter 2 Advances in the Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Multiresidue Methods
2.3 Determination of Drugs According To Their Class
2.3.1 Analgesics and Antiinflammatory Drugs
2.3.2 Antimicrobials
2.3.3 antiepileptics, Blood Lipid Regulators, and Psychiatric Drugs
2.3.4 antitumoral Drugs
2.3.5 Cardiovascular Drugs (β-Blockers) and β2-Sympathomimetics
2.3.6 estrogens
2.3.7 x-ray contrast agents
2.3.8 drugs of Abuse
2.3.9 other Drugs
2.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 Sample Preparation and Analysis of SolidBound Pharmaceuticals
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Matrices of Solid-Bound Pharmaceuticals
3.3 Sample Extraction Techniques
3.3.1 Solid-Liquid Extraction
3.3.2 Sonication-Assisted Extraction
3.3.3 Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
3.3.4 Microwave-Assisted Solvent Extraction
3.3.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
3.3.6 Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion
3.4 Sample Cleanup Techniques
3.4.1 Solid Phase Extraction
3.4.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
3.4.3 Size Exclusion Chromatography
3.5 Special Considerations in Sample Analysis
3.5.1 Liquid Chromatography
3.5.2 Gas Chromatography
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Gadolinium Containing Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Investigations on the Environmental Fate and Effects
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methods
4.2.1 Biodegradability of Dimeglumine Gadopentetate, Gadobutrol, Gadoxetic Acid, Disodium, and Gadofosveset Trisodium
4.2.2 Acute Toxicity Test of Dimeglumine Gadopentetate, Gadobutrol, Gadoxetic Acid Disodium, and Gadofosveset Trisodium with Fish
4.2.3 Acute Immobilization Test of Dimeglumine Gadopentetate, Gadobutrol, Gadoxetic Acid Disodium, and Gadofosveset Trisodium WITH daphnia magna
4.2.4 Growth Inhibition Test of Dimeglumine Gadopentetate, Gadobutrol, Gadoxetic Acid Disodium, and Gadofosveset Trisodium on Green Algae
4.2.5 Growth Inhibition Test of Dimeglumine Gadopentetate on Different Microorganisms
4.3 Results
4.3.1 Biodegradability of Dimeglumine Gadopentetate, Gadobutrol, Gadoxetic Acid Disodium, and Gadofosveset Trisodium
4.3.2 Acute Toxicity of Dimeglumine Gadopentetate, Gadobutrol, Gadoxetic Acid Disodium, and Gadofosveset Trisodium to Fish
4.3.3 Acute Immobilization Test of Dimeglumine Gadopentetate, Gadobutrol, Gadoxetic Acid Disodium, and Gadofosveset Trisodium with DAPHNIA MAGNA
4.3.4 Growth Inhibition Test of Gadobutrol, Dimeglumine Gadopentetate, Gadoxetic Acid Disodium, and Gadofosveset Trisodium on Green Algae
4.3.5 Growth Inhibition Test of Dimeglumine Gadopentetate and Gadobutrol on Different Microorganisms
4.4 Discussion
4.4.1 degradation Tests
4.4.2 ecotoxicity Tests
4.4.3 Environmental Relevance
4.5 Summary and Outlook
References
Part II Environmental Fate and Transformations of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals
Chapter 5 Fate and Transport of Veterinary Medicines in the Soil Environment
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Inputs of Livestock Medicines To the Environment
5.3 Fate of Veterinary Medicines in Soils
5.3.1 Sorption in Soil
5.3.2 Persistence in Soil
5.4 Transport of Veterinary Medicines in Soil Systems
5.4.1 Leaching to Groundwater
5.4.2 Runoff
5.4.3 Drain Flow
5.4.4 Uptake into Biota
5.5 Modeling Exposure in Soils
5.6 Occurrence in the Soil Environment
5.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Sorption and Degradation of Selected Pharmaceuticals in Soil and Manure
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Assessing Contaminant Fate and Transport in Soil Environments
6.3 Antibiotics
6.3.1 sorption by Soil
6.3.2 Degradation in Manure and Soil
6.4 Hormones
6.4.1 sorption by Soil and Sediment
6.4.2 Degradation in Manure and Soil
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Mobility of Tylosin and Enteric Bacteria in Soil Columns
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Tylosin
7.1.2 Enteric Bacteria
7.2 Materials and Methods
7.2.1 Preliminary Trial
7.2.2 Main Study
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.3.1 preliminary Trial
7.3.2 Main Study
7.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Plant Uptake of Pharmaceuticals from Soil Determined by ELISA
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Background
8.2.1 Codeposition of Veterinary Antibiotics with Manuring Practices
8.2.2 Pharmaceuticals for Human Use in Soil
8.2.3 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Soil
8.2.4 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Plants
8.2.4.1 Uptake
8.2.4.2 Detoxification
8.2.5 Analysis of Pharmaceutical Residues in Soil and Plants
8.2.5.1 Extraction
8.2.5.2 Determination of Antimicrobial Residues
8.3 Materials and Methods
8.3.1 Sulfonamides and Plants Studied
8.3.2 Model Soils
8.3.3 Urine
8.3.4 Soil Extraction
8.3.5 Plant Extraction
8.3.6 Immunoassay
8.3.7 Laboratory Study: Sorption and Microbial Degradation in Soil
8.3.8 Greenhouse Study: Leaching versus Uptake
8.4 Results
8.4.1 ELISA Measurements and Extraction Recovery
8.4.2 Degradation and Sorption
8.4.3 Uptake versus Leaching
8.4.3.1 Growth
8.4.3.2 Leaching
8.4.3.3 Plant Uptake
8.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Antibiotic Transformation in Plants via Glutathione Conjugation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Plant Uptake and Phytotoxicity of Pharmaceuticals
9.3 Bioavailability
9.4 Detoxification of Xenobiotics Via Glutathione Conjugation
9.5 Glutathione S-Transferases: Structure, Function, and Evolution
9.6 Induction of Gsts in Phaseolus Vulgaris and Zea Mays By Chlortetracycline
9.7 Mass Spectral Characterization of Antibiotic-Gsh Conjugates
9.8 Other Environmentally Important Antibiotics
9.9 Hypothesis for Antibiotic-Induced Phytotoxicity
9.10 Areas Requiring Further Research
References
Part III Treatment of Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water and Wastewater
Chapter 10 Drugs in Drinking Water Treatment Options
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Occurrence in the Aquatic Environment
10.3 Drinking Water Treatment
10.3.1 Pretreatment
10.3.2 Filtration
10.3.3 Chlorine-Based Disinfection
10.3.4 Ozone and Advanced Oxidation Treatment
10.3.5 Ultraviolet (UV) and Advanced Oxidation Treatment
10.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Removal of Endocrine Disruptors and Pharmaceuticals during Water Treatment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Background
11.3 Selection of Target Compounds
11.4 Analytical Methods
11.5 Bench-Scale Evaluations
11.5.1 Bench-Scale Experimental Procedures
11.5.2 Results from Bench-Scale Studies
11.6 Pilot-Scale Evaluations
11.6.1 Pilot-Scale Experimental Procedures
11.6.2 Results from Pilot-Scale Studies
11.7 Full-Scale Evaluations
11.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 Reaction and Transformation of Antibacterial Agents with Aqueous Chlorine under Relevant Water Treatment Conditions
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Background
12.2.1 Antibacterial Agents of Investigation
12.2.2 Chemical Oxidation by Aqueous Chlorine
12.2.3 Prior Work on the Reaction of Pharmaceuticals with Chlorine
12.3 Materials and Methods
12.3.1 Chemical Reagents
12.3.2 Surface Water and Wastewater Samples
12.3.3 Reaction Setup and Monitoring
12.4 Results and Discussion
12.4.1 Reaction Kinetics and Modeling
12.4.2 Identification of Reactive Functional Groups
12.4.3 Reaction Pathways and Products’ Biological Implications
12.4.4 Reaction in Real Water Matrices
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Hormones in Waste from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Background
13.2.1 Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) in the United States
13.2.2 Hormones and CAFO
13.3 Hormones in Cafos
13.3.1 Natural Estrogens
13.3.2 Biosynthesis of Estrogens
13.3.3 Metabolism of Estrogens
13.3.4 Excretion of Estrogens
13.3.5 Degradation of Estrogens
13.4 Natural Androgens
13.4.1 Biosynthesis of Androgens
13.4.2 Metabolism of Androgens
13.4.3 Excretion of Androgens
13.4.4 Degradation of Androgens
13.5 Natural Progestagens
13.5.1 Biosynthesis of Progesterone
13.5.2 Metabolism of Progesterone
13.5.3 Excretion of Progesterone
13.5.4 Degradation of Progesterone
13.6 Hormone Growth Promoters
13.6.1 Naturally Occurring Hormonal Growth Promoters (HGPs)
13.6.2 Synthetic HGPs
13.7 Routes of Hormone Loss From Cafos
13.7.1 Soil and Runoff
13.7.2 Streams and Rivers
13.7.3 Groundwater
13.8 Fate of Hormones During Manure Storage, Treatment, and Land Application
13.8.1 Conventional Manure Storage and Treatment Systems
13.8.1.1 Manure Handling on Dairy Farms
13.8.1.2 Poultry Farms
13.8.1.3 Swine Farms
13.8.1.4 Beef Cattle Operations
13.8.2 Innovative Manure Treatment Systems
13.8.3 Composting
13.8.4 Anaerobic Digestion
13.8.5 Nitrification and Denitrification
13.8.6 Chemical and Biological Phosphorus Removal
13.8.7 Aeration of Dairy Manure
13.9 Other Best Management Practices To Reduce Hormone Loss From Cafos
13.9.1 Constructed Wetlands
13.9.2 Buffer Strips
13.9.3 Controlled Stream Access
13.10 Future Research Needs Regarding Manure Treatment
13.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Treatment of Antibiotics in Swine Wastewater
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Typical Manure Handling Systems for Swine
14.2.1 Interior Storage
14.2.2 Exterior Storage and Treatment
14.2.3 Multicell Lagoon Systems
14.2.4 Anaerobic Digestion
14.3 Sorption of Antibiotics in Swine Lagoons
14.4 Hydrolysis of Antibiotics in Lagoons
14.5 Biological Treatment of Antibiotics in Conventional Swine Treatment Systems
14.5.1 Anaerobic Biodegradation
14.5.2 Aerobic Biodegradation
14.5.3 Inhibition of Anaerobic Biodegradation by Antibiotics in Swine Lagoons
14.6 Chlorine Treatment for Antibiotics in Swine Wastewater
14.6.1 Antibiotic Removal
14.6.2 Simultaneous Disinfection
14.6.3 Comparison of Selected Classes of Antibiotics
14.7 Other Treatment Approaches
14.8 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 15 Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Biological Wastewater Treatment Process
15.3 Pharmaceutical Removal Mechanisms
15.3.1 Biodegradation and Biotransformations
15.3.2 Sorption
15.4 Influence of Wastewater Treatment Plant (Wwtp) Operating Conditions
15.5 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 16 Chemical Processes during Biological Wastewater Treatment
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The Activated Sludge Process: A Brief Overview
16.3 Full-Scale Studies
16.4 Sorption
16.5 Biodegradation
16.6 Antibiotic-Resistant Microorganisms and the Activated Sludge Process
16.7 Conclusion

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Tags: Diana S Aga, Pharmaceuticals, Environment