Foundation Engineering for Expansive Soils 1st Edition by John Nelson, Kuo Chieh Chao, Daniel Overton, Erik Nelson 0470581522 9780470581520

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Product details:

ISBN 10: 0470581522 

ISBN 13: 9780470581520

Author: John D. Nelson, Kuo Chieh Chao, Daniel D. Overton, Erik J. Nelson

Expansive soils cause more damage to light buildings and pavements than any other natural hazard, including earthquakes and floods. This book discusses the basics of expansive soils and their threats from a design perspective rather than a theoretical one. Further covered are both shallow and deep foundation designs, as well as soil remediation techniques backed up with numerous commercial and residential case studies. Ideal for students and engineers, this book also details commonly used laboratory tests and site investigation techniques used for establishing the physical properties of expansive soils.

Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Organization
1.3 Terminology
References

Chapter 2 Nature of Expansive Soils
2.1 Microscale Aspects of Expansive Soil Behavior
2.1.1 The Clay Particle
2.1.1.1 Mineral Composition
2.1.1.2 Interlayer Bonding
2.1.1.3 Isomorphous Substitution and Surface Charges
2.1.2 Adsorbed Cations and Cation Hydration
2.1.3 The Clay Micelle
2.1.4 Crystalline and Osmotic Expansion
2.1.5 Effect of Mineralogy on Plasticity of Soil
2.1.6 Effect of Mineralogy on Expansion Potential
2.1.7 Effect of Type of Cation on Expansion Potential
2.2 Macroscale Aspects of Expansive Soil Behavior
2.2.1 Development of Natural Soil Deposits
2.2.2 Effect of Plasticity on Expansion Potential
2.2.3 Effect of Soil Structure, Water Content, and Density on Expansion Potential
2.3 Identification of Expansive Soils
2.3.1 Methods Based on Physical Properties
2.3.1.1 Methods Based on Plasticity
2.3.1.2 Free Swell Test
2.3.1.3 Potential Volume Change (PVC)
2.3.1.4 Expansion Index (EI) Test
2.3.1.5 Coefficient of Linear Extensibility (COLE)
2.3.1.6 Standard Absorption Moisture Content (SAMC)
2.3.2 Mineralogical Methods
2.3.3 Chemical Methods
2.3.3.1 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
2.3.3.2 Specific Surface Area (SSA)
2.3.3.3 Total Potassium (TP)
2.3.4 Comments on Identification Methods
2.4 Characteristics of Expansive Soil Profiles
2.4.1 Geographic Distribution of Expansive Soils
2.4.2 Expansive Soil Profiles
2.4.2.1 Welkom, South Africa
2.4.2.2 Maryland, Australia
2.4.2.3 Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
2.4.2.4 Front Range Area of Colorado, USA
2.4.2.5 San Antonio, Texas, USA
References

Chapter 3 Site Investigation
3.1 Program of Exploration
3.1.1 Reconnaissance Investigation
3.1.2 Preliminary Investigation
3.1.3 Design-Level Investigation
3.1.3.1 Distribution of Borings
3.1.3.2 Depth of Exploration
3.1.3.3 Sampling Frequency and Depth
3.2 Forensic Investigation
References

Chapter 4 Soil Suction
4.1 Soil Suction Components
4.1.1 Matric Suction
4.1.2 Osmotic Suction
4.1.3 Total Suction
4.2 Soil Water Characteristic Curve
4.2.1 Mathematical Expressions for SWCC
4.2.2 Soil Water Characteristic Curves for Expansive Soils
4.2.3 Influence of Stress State on Soil Water Characteristic Relationships
4.2.4 Effect of Suction on Groundwater Profiles
4.3 Measurement of Matric Suction
4.3.1 Tensiometers
4.3.2 Axis Translation Technique
4.3.2.1 Pressure Plate Apparatus
4.3.2.2 Fredlund SWCC Device
4.3.3 Filter Paper Method for Matric Suction
4.3.3.1 Principle of Measurement
4.3.3.2 Calibration Curves
4.3.3.3 Filter Paper Hysteresis
4.3.3.4 Time Required to Reach Equilibrium
4.3.4 Thermal Conductivity Sensors
4.3.5 Electrical Resistance Sensors
4.4 Measurement of Osmotic Suction
4.4.1 Osmotic Tensiometers
4.4.2 Pore Fluid Extraction Technique
4.5 Measurement of Total Suction
4.5.1 Psychrometers
4.5.1.1 Thermocouple Psychrometers
4.5.1.2 Chilled Mirror Psychrometer
4.5.2 Filter Paper Method for Total Suction
4.5.2.1 Principle of Measurement
4.5.2.2 Calibration Curves
4.5.2.3 Time Required to Reach Equilibrium
References

Chapter 5 State of Stress and Constitutive Relationships
5.1 State of Stress and Stress State Variables
5.2 Stress-Volume Relationships
5.3 Stress-Water Relationships
References

Chapter 6 Oedometer Testing
6.1 Consolidation-Swell and Constant Volume Tests
6.2 Correction of Oedometer Test Data
6.2.1 Correction for Oedometer Compressibility
6.2.2 Correction for Specimen Disturbance in the CV Test
6.2.3 Effect of the Corrections on Expansion Properties
6.3 Relationship Between CS and CV Swelling Pressures (the m Method)
6.4 Factors Influencing Oedometer Test Results
6.4.1 Initial Stress State Conditions
6.4.2 Soil Fatigue
6.4.3 Initial Consolidation of Sample
6.4.4 Time and Method of Inundation
6.4.5 Storage of Samples
6.4.6 Competency of Laboratory Personnel
References

Chapter 7 Water Migration in Expansive Soils
7.1 Water Flow in Unsaturated Soils
7.1.1 Darcy’s Law for Unsaturated Soils
7.1.2 Water Mass Balance Equation
7.1.3 Vertical Seepage in Unsaturated Soil
7.1.4 Flow through Fractured Rocks and Bedding Planes
7.2 Depth and Degree of Wetting
7.2.1 Depth of Wetting
7.2.2 Degree of Wetting
7.2.3 Perched Water Tables in Layered Strata
7.2.4 Wetting Profiles
7.3 Determination of Final Water Content Profiles for Design
7.3.1 Hand Calculation of Final Water Contents for Design
7.3.2 Computer Modeling of Water Migration
7.4 Challenges in Water Migration Modeling for Expansive Soils
References

Chapter 8 Computation of Predicted Heave
8.1 Oedometer Methods
8.1.1 The Heave Equation
8.1.2 Computation of Free-Field Heave
8.1.3 Computation of Heave under an Applied Load
8.1.4 Computation of Design Heave
8.1.5 Discussion of Earlier Oedometer Methods Proposed to Compute Heave
8.1.5.1 Department of the Army (1983)
8.1.5.2 Fredlund (1983)
8.1.5.3 Nelson and Miller (1992)
8.1.6 Comments on the Heave Index
8.2 Soil Suction Methods
8.2.1 McKeen (1992)
8.2.2 Department of the Army (1983)
8.2.3 Hamberg and Nelson (1984)
8.2.4 Lytton (1994)
8.3 Empirical Methods
8.4 Progression of Heave with Time
8.4.1 Hyperbolic Equation
8.4.2 Use of Water Migration Modeling to Analyze Rate of Heave
8.5 Free-Field Surface Movement for Shrink-Swell Soils
8.6 Discussion of Heave Prediction
References

Chapter 9 General Considerations for Foundation and Floor Design
9.1 Risk and Life Cycle Costs
9.1.1 Classification of Expansion Potential
9.1.2 Risk Factor
9.2 Foundation Alternatives
9.3 Factors Influencing Design of Structures on Expansive Soils
9.3.1 Tolerable Foundation Movement
9.3.2 Design Life
9.3.3 Design Active Zone and Degree of Wetting
9.3.4 Site Grading
9.4 Remedial Measures
References

Chapter 10 Soil Treatment and Moisture Control
10.1 Overexcavation and Replacement
10.2 Prewetting Method
10.3 Chemical Admixtures
10.3.1 Lime Treatment
10.3.1.1 Type of Lime
10.3.1.2 Soil Factors
10.3.1.3 Ettringite Formation
10.3.1.4 Testing for Reactivity and Required Lime Content
10.3.1.5 Curing Conditions
10.3.1.6 Application Methods
10.3.2 Cement Treatment
10.3.3 Fly Ash Treatment
10.3.4 Chemical Injection
10.4 Moisture Control Alternatives
10.4.1 Moisture Barriers
10.4.1.1 Horizontal Moisture Barriers
10.4.1.2 Vertical Moisture Barriers
10.4.2 Subsurface Drains
10.4.3 Surface Grading and Drainage
10.5 Summary of Soil Treatment Methods
References

Chapter 11 Design Methods for Shallow Foundations
11.1 Spread Footing Foundations
11.1.1 Computation of Footing Heave
11.1.2 Spread Footing Design Examples
11.2 Stiffened Slab Foundations
11.2.1 Edge Heave and Center Heave
11.2.2 Differential Heave
11.3 Remedial Measures for Shallow Foundations
11.3.1 Footing Foundations
11.3.2 Stiffened Slab-on-Grade
11.3.3 Other Methods
References

Chapter 12 Design Methods for Deep Foundations
12.1 Pier and Grade Beam Foundation
12.1.1 Design Methods
12.1.1.1 Rigid Pier Method
12.1.1.2 APEX Method
APEX Field Equations
The Boundary Conditions
Development of Pier Heave
Interface Stress
Input Parameters for Pier Heave Computation
Pier Design Charts
12.1.2 Load-Bearing Capacity
12.2 Patented Piers
12.2.1 Helical Piles
12.2.2 Micropiles
12.2.3 Push Piers
12.3 Deep Foundation Design Examples
12.3.1 Rigid Pier Design Example
12.3.2 APEX Design Example
12.3.3 Helical Pile Design Example
12.4 Remedial Measures for Deep Foundations
12.4.1 Pier and Grade Beam Foundation
12.4.2 Underpinning
References

Chapter 13 Floors and Exterior Flatwork
13.1 Slabs-on-Grade
13.2 Stiffened Slabs
13.3 Structural Floors
13.4 Exterior Slabs and Flatwork
13.5 Remediation Techniques
13.5.1 Structural Floor Systems
13.5.2 Moisture Control
13.5.3 Chemical Injection
13.5.4 Isolation of the Slab
13.5.5 Exterior Slabs
References

Chapter 14 Lateral Pressure on Earth Retaining Structures
14.1 Computation of Lateral Pressure from Expansive Soils
14.2 Testing for Measuring Lateral Swelling Pressure
14.3 Reduction of Lateral Swelling Pressure
14.4 Design for Lateral Earth Pressure
References

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Tags: John Nelson, Kuo Chieh Chao, Daniel Overton, Erik Nelson, Foundation