Fundamentals of natural gas processing 1st Edition by Arthur J Kidnay, William R Parrish ISBN 0849334063 978-0849334061

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ISBN 10: 0849334063

ISBN 13: 978-0849334061

Author: Arthur J. Kidnay, William R. Parrish

Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing explores the natural gas industry from the wellhead to the marketplace. It compiles information from the open literature, meeting proceedings, and experts to accurately depict the state of gas processing technology today and highlight technologies that could become important in the future.

This book covers advantages, limitations, and ranges of applicability of major gas plant processes to provide a sound understanding from system fundamentals to selection, operation, and integration into the overall gas plant. It also describes the major operations involved in bringing the gas to the plant, information not usually discussed in most gas processing books. Comprehensive chapters cover field operations, inlet receiving, compression, dehydration, hydrocarbon recovery, nitrogen rejection, liquids processing, sulfur recovery, and the increasingly popular liquefied natural gas industry, focusing on liquefaction, storage, and transportation. The book also discusses plant economics, offering ways to make initial cost estimates of selected processes and determine capital costs of gas processing facilities.

The descriptive approach in Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing makes this comprehensive text and reference well suited for both technical and non-technical personnel in the industry including chemical or mechanical engineers, plant engineers, students, and those who are new to the field.

Table of contents: 

Part 1
Chapter 1 Processing Principles
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Units and Conversions
1.2.1 Basic Units
1.2.2 Derived Units
1.2.3 Other Important Units in Gas Processing
1.2.4 Mathematical Symbols
1.3 Basic Chemistry Concepts
1.3.1 Structure and Nomenclature
1.3.2 Important Chemical Properties
1.3.3 Important Physical Properties
1.3.4 Mixtures
1.4 Specification Test Methods
1.4.1 Copper Strip Test
1.4.2 Reid Vapor Pressure
1.5 Thermodynamics
1.5.1 Introduction
1.5.2 First Law of Thermodynamics
1.5.3 Forms of Energy
1.5.4 State and Path Functions
1.5.5 Important Thermodynamic Paths
1.5.6 Pressure-Enthalpy (PH) Diagrams
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Chapter 2 Pumps
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pump Fundamentals
2.2.1 Energy Balance
2.2.2 Head
2.3 Centrifugal Pumps
2.3.1 Power, Pump Efficiency, and Temperature Rise
2.3.2 Suction Head, Suction Lift, Total Head
2.3.3 Net Positive Suction Head and Cavitation
2.3.4 Characteristic Curves
2.3.5 System Curves
2.3.6 Affinity Laws
2.3.7 Coordinating Pump and System
2.4 Reciprocating Pumps
2.4.1 Pump Fundamentals
2.5 Rotary Pumps
2.6 Pump Comparisons
2.6.1 Centrifugal
2.6.2 Positive Displacement
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Chapter 3 Heat Transfer
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Modes of Heat Transfer
3.2.1 Conduction
3.2.2 Convection
3.2.3 Radiation
3.2.4 Heat Transfer Coefficients
3.3 Cooling and Heating Sources
3.3.1 Cooling Sources
3.3.2 Hot Fluids
3.4 Heat Exchanger Types
3.4.1 Shell and Tube
3.4.2 Kettle Exchangers
3.4.3 Air-Cooled Exchangers
3.4.4 Wet Surface Air Coolers
3.4.5 Plate Frame Exchangers
3.4.6 Plate-Fin Exchangers
3.4.7 Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers
3.5 Condensers
3.6 Reboilers
3.6.1 Kettle Reboiler
3.6.2 Recirculating Thermosyphon
3.6.3 Pump-through Reboiler
3.6.4 Once-through Reboiler
3.6.5 Internal Reboilers
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Chapter 4 Separation Processes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Distillation
4.2.1 Basic Concepts
4.2.2 Types of Columns
4.3 Absorption
4.3.1 Basic Concepts
4.3.2 Physical Absorption
4.3.3 Chemical Absorption
4.3.4 Solvent Selection
4.3.5 Regenerative Absorption Processes
4.4 Column Internals
4.5 Adsorption
4.5.1 Basic Concepts
4.5.2 Adsorption Process
4.6 Membranes
4.6.1 Basic Concepts
4.6.2 Membrane Process
4.7 Summary
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Chapter 5 Phase Separation Equipment
5.1 Gas–Liquid Separators
5.1.1 Primary Separation
5.1.2 Gas Gravity Separation
5.1.3 Gas Polishing
5.1.4 Liquid Accumulation Section
5.2 Filter Separators and Coalescing Filters
5.3 Cyclone Separators
5.4 Liquid–Liquid Separators
5.5 Residence Time for Various Separator Applications
5.6 Filters
Discussion Questions
References
Part 2
Chapter 6 Overview of the Natural Gas Industry
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 World Natural Gas
6.1.2 U.S. Natural Gas
6.2 Sources of Natural Gas
6.2.1 Geological Background
6.2.2 Resource
6.2.3 Gas Compositions
6.2.4 Impurities
6.3 Classification
6.3.1 Liquids Content
6.3.2 Sulfur Content
6.4 Principal Products and Markets
6.4.1 Methane
6.4.2 Ethane
6.4.3 Propane
6.4.4 Ethane–Propane Mix
6.4.5 Isobutane
6.4.6 n-Butane
6.4.7 Natural Gas Liquids
6.4.8 Natural Gasoline
6.4.9 Sulfur
6.5 Product Specifications
6.5.1 Natural Gas
6.5.2 Liquid Products
6.6 Combustion Characteristics
6.6.1 Heating Value
6.6.2 Wobbe Number
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Web Sites
Chapter 7 Overview of Gas Plant Processing
7.1 Roles of Gas Plants
7.2 Plant Processes
7.2.1 Field Operations and Inlet Receiving
7.2.2 Inlet Compression
7.2.3 Gas Treating
7.2.4 Dehydration
7.2.5 Hydrocarbon Recovery
7.2.6 Nitrogen Rejection
7.2.7 Trace Components
7.2.8 Outlet Compression
7.2.9 Liquids Processing
7.2.10 Sulfur Recovery
7.2.11 Storage and Transportation
7.2.12 Liquefaction
7.3 Important Support Components
7.3.1 Utilities
7.3.2 Process Control
7.3.3 Safety Systems
7.4 Contractual Agreements and Economics
7.4.1 Fee-Based Contracts
7.4.2 Percentage of Proceeds Contracts
7.4.3 Keep Whole or Wellhead Purchase Contracts
7.4.4 Alternate Contract Provisions
7.4.5 Capital Expenditures
7.5 Operational Measures
7.5.1 Shrinkage
7.5.2 Energy Efficiency
7.5.3 Processing Margin (Frac Spread)
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 8 Field Operations and Inlet Receiving
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Field Operations
8.2.1 Wellhead Operations
8.2.2 Gathering Systems
8.2.3 Compressor Stations
8.2.4 Pipeline Fieldwork
8.2.5 Pigging
8.2.6 Gas Metering
8.3 Gas Hydrates
8.3.1 Properties
8.3.2 Hydrate Formation Prediction
8.3.3 Hydrate Inhibition
8.4 Inlet Receiving
8.4.1 Manifolded Piping
8.4.2 Inlet Vessels
8.4.3 Comparison of Slug Catcher Configurations
8.5 Safety and Environmental Considerations
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Web Sites
Chapter 9 Compression
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fundamentals
9.2.1 Thermodynamics of Compression
9.2.2 Multistaging
9.2.3 Compressor Efficiencies
9.3 Drivers
9.4 Compressor Types
9.4.1 Positive Displacement Compressors
9.4.2 Dynamic Compressors
9.5 Capacity and Power Calculations
9.5.1 Capacity
9.5.2 Power Requirements
9.6 Comparison of Reciprocating and Centrifugal Compressors
9.7 Safety and Environmental Considerations
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Chapter 10 Gas Treating
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 The Problem
10.1.2 Acid Gas Concentrations in Natural Gas
10.1.3 Purification Levels
10.1.4 Acid Gas Disposal
10.1.5 Purification Processes
10.2 Chemical Absorption Processes
10.2.1 Amines
10.2.2 Alkali Salts
10.3 Physical Absorption
10.3.1 Solvent Properties
10.3.2 Representative Process Conditions
10.3.3 Hybrid Processes
10.4 Adsorption
10.5 Cryogenic Fractionation
10.6 Membranes
10.6.1 Carbon Dioxide Removal from Natural Gas
10.6.2 Operating Considerations
10.6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Membrane Systems
10.7 Nonregenerable Hydrogen Sulfide Scavengers
10.8 Biological Processes
10.9 Safety and Environmental Considerations
10.9.1 Amines
10.9.2 Adsorbents and Scavengers
10.9.3 Membranes
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Chapter 11 Gas Dehydration
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Water Content of Hydrocarbons
11.3 Gas Dehydration Processes
11.3.1 Absorption Processes
11.3.2 Adsorption Processes
11.3.3 Nonregenerable Desiccant Processes
11.3.4 Membrane Processes
11.3.5 Other Processes
11.3.6 Comparison of Dehydration Processes
11.4 Safety and Environmental Considerations
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Chapter 12 Hydrocarbon Recovery
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Retrograde Condensation
12.2 Process Components
12.2.1 Refrigeration System
12.2.2 Turboexpansion
12.2.3 Heat Exchange
12.2.4 Gas–Liquid Separators
12.2.5 Fractionation
12.3 Liquids Removal Processes
12.3.1 Dew Point Control and Fuel Conditioning
12.3.2 Low Ethane Recovery
12.3.3 High Ethane Recovery
12.4 Safety and Environmental Considerations
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Chapter 13 Nitrogen Rejection
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nitrogen Rejection for Gas Upgrading
13.2.1 Cryogenic Distillation
13.2.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption
13.2.3 Membranes
13.3 Nitrogen Rejection for Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Cryogenic Distillation311
13.4 Safety and Environmental Considerations
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Chapter 14 Trace Component Recovery or Removal
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Helium
14.2.1 Introduction
14.2.2 Recovery Methods
14.3 Hydrogen
14.4 Oxygen
14.5 NORM
14.6 Arsenic
14.7 Mercury
14.7.1 Environmental Considerations
14.7.2 Mercury Corrosion
14.7.3 Removal Processes
14.8 Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes
14.9 Methanol
14.9.1 Methanol Removal
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Web Sites
Chapter 15 Liquids Processing
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Condensate Processing
15.2.1 Sweetening
15.2.2 Dehydration
15.3 NGL Processing
15.3.1 Sweetening
15.3.2 Dehydration
15.3.3 Fractionation
15.4 Safety and Environmental Considerations
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Chapter 16 Acid Gas Processing and Disposal
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Carbon Dioxide
16.1.2 Hydrogen Sulfide
16.2 Properties of Sulfur
16.2.1 Solid State
16.2.2 Liquid State
16.2.3 Vapor State
16.3 Sulfur Recovery Processes
16.3.1 Claus Process
16.3.2 Small- to Medium-Scale Recovery Processes
16.4 Sulfur Storage
16.5 Acid Gas Injection
16.5.1 Enhanced Oil Recovery
16.5.2 Injection Wells
16.6 Safety and Environmental Considerations
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Chapter 17 Transportation and Storage
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Gas
17.2.1 Transportation
17.2.2 Market Centers
17.2.3 Gas Storage Facilities
17.3 Liquids
17.3.1 Transportation
17.3.2 Storage
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Chapter 18 Liquefied Natural Gas
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Peakshaving Plants and Satellite Facilities
18.1.2 Baseload Plants and Stranded Reserves
18.2 Gas Treating before Liquefaction
18.3 Liquefaction Cycles
18.3.1 J–T Cycles
18.3.2 Expander Cycles
18.3.3 Cascade Cycles
18.4 Storage of LNG
18.4.1 Cryogenic Aboveground Storage
18.4.2 Cryogenic In-Ground Storage
18.4.3 Rollover
18.5 Transportation
18.5.1 Truck Transport
18.5.2 Pipelines
18.5.3 Marine Transport
18.6 Regasification and Cold Utilization of LNG
18.6.1 Regasification
18.6.2 Cold Utilization
18.7 Economics
18.7.1 Liquefaction Costs
18.7.2 Shipping Costs
18.7.3 Regasification Terminal Costs
18.8 Safety and Environmental Considerations
Discussion Questions
Exercises
References
Web Sites
Chapter 19 Capital Costs of Gas Processing Facilities
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Basic Premises for All Plant Component Cost Data
19.3 Amine Treating
19.4 Glycol Dehydration
19.5 NGL Recovery with Straight Refrigeration (Low Ethane Recovery)
19.6 NGL Recovery with Cryogenic Processing (High Ethane Recovery)
19.7 Sulfur Recovery and Tail Gas Cleanup
19.7.1 Sulfur Recovery at High Capacities
19.7.2 Sulfur Recovery at Low Capacities
19.8 Corrections to Cost Data
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 20 Natural Gas Processing Plants
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Plant with Sweet Gas Feed and 98% Ethane Recovery
20.2.1 Overview of Plant Feed and Product Slate
20.2.2 Inlet Compression
20.2.3 Heat Exchange
20.2.4 Dehydration
20.2.5 Propane Refrigeration
20.2.6 Hydrocarbon Recovery
20.2.7 Amine Treating
20.2.8 Deethanizer
20.2.9 Outlet Residue Sales Gas Compression
20.3 Plant with Sour Gas Feed, NGL, and Sulfur Recovery
20.3.1 Overview of Plant Feed and Product Slate
20.3.2 Inlet Receiving
20.3.3 Inlet Compression
20.3.4 Gas Treating
20.3.5 Sulfur Recovery
20.3.6 Dehydration
20.3.7 Hydrocarbon Recovery
20.3.8 Liquids Processing
20.4 Plant with Sour Gas Feed, NGL Recovery, and Nitrogen Rejection
20.4.1 Overview of Plant Feed and Product Slate
20.4.2 Inlet Receiving
20.4.3 Gas Treating
20.4.4 Sulfur Recovery
20.4.5 Dehydration
20.4.6 NRU and Cold Box
20.4.7 Liquids Processing

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