Gender and Colonialism A History of Kaoko in North Western Namibia 1870s 1950s 1st Edition by Lorena Rizzo 3905758490 9783905758498

Part I – Gender and Conflict

1. The expansion & collapse of Oorlam socio-economic hegemony in Kaoko

1.1 Compulsory land and stock expropiation in Sesfontein

1.2. Southern Kaoko at the outbreak of the war

2. Male Business – raiding economies and commercial trade

2.1. The socio-economy of Kaoko in the second half of the 19th century

2.2. The territorial anchorage of Oorlam rule

2.3. Raiding, hunting and long-distance trade

2.4. Evaluating Oorlam rule in Kaoko between the 1860s and the 1890s

3. Facing the raiding economy

3.1. Male mercenaries and collective strategies of survival

3.2. Integration and political affiliation within Kaoko

3.3. Ambivalences and alternatives in central Kaoko

3.4. Migration and flight

4. Rinderpest

4.1. The Rinderpest and the collapse of Oorlam hegemony

4.2. The Establishment of the Northern District

4.3. Gender & conflict

Part II: Gender & Colonial Counter Insurgency

1. The expeditions of Major Manning to Kaoko in 1917 and 1919

1.1. Introduction

1.2. South African military expedition and early administration in northern Namibia

1.3. The reports of Major Manning – narratives of counter insurgency

2. Economic differentiation and re-pastoralization in aoko between 1910-1915

2.1. The socio-economy of Kaoko in the early 1910s

2.2. Southern Kaoko and entrenchments with the settler economy in the Outjo district

3. Immigrations to Kaoko

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Negotiating residence – Kakurukouje, Muhona Katiti and Vita Tom

3.3. Increasing violence – raiding and appropriation of resources

3.4. Responses by the local communities

4. Colonial administration and the constitution of political leadership

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Indirect rule – building up political counterparts in the region

4.3. Separating people

4.4. Gender and counterinsurgency

Part III: Gender & Containment

1. Introduction

2. Forced removals in southern Kaoko in 1929

2.1. African communities in southern Kaoko in the late 1920s

2.2. The removals

3. Enforcing reserves

3.1. Imposing external borders

3.2. Internal borders – containing the 1923 reserves

4. The north-western reserves within a Namibian perspective

4.1. Pressures on the north-western pastoral economy

4.2. Southern Kaoko and the separation of the northern areas from the Police Zone

5. Fractured colonial administration – mobility and containment

5.1. Controlling the mobility of herds and of people

5.2. Trade, dependent work, and participation in the cash economy

5.3. Gender and the enforcement of reserves

Part IV: Gender & Colonial Law

1. Introduction

2. The elephant shooting case

2.1. Reconstructing the case

2.2. The murder case

3. A place in-between – colonial ambivalence and African friction in Kaoko Otavi

3.1. Kaoko Otavi at the beginning of the 20th century

3.2. Game and entangled hunting economies

4. Colonial narratives – the case records and the problem of indigenous voices

4.1. Colonial jurisdiction and the coming of the law

4.2. Recorded statements – exploring the legal narrative

5. Negotiating gender

5.1. Challenges to male authority

5.2. Marginalizing female agency

5.3. Gender & colonial law

Part V: Gender & the Technologies of Empire

1. The inoculation campaign against lungsickness in Kaoko in 1938

1.1. The narrative of disease eradication

1.2. Inoculation, the pastoral economy and the colonial state

2. A broader plan of disease management

2.1. Expansion to the northern areas

3. Spreading a disease – fissures and failures of the inoculation campaigns

3.1. Evaluating the lungsickness campaign of 1938

3.2. Second lungsickness inoculation campaign of 1939

4. Technologies of empire

4.1. The constitution of the colonial state in Kaoko

4.2. Undermining the pastoral economy

4.3. Gender and the technologies of empire

Part VI: Gender & Visuality.

Colonial Photography in Kaoko in the first half of the 20th century

1. Introduction

1.1. Colonial photography in Southern Africa and Namibia

1.2. Colonial photography in Kaoko

2. Central Kaoko in the late 1940s and early 1950s

2.1. Nuancing colonial spatiality and indirect rule in Kaoko

2.2. Economic isolation and contested trade

3. The photographs of Heinz Roth

3.1. Notes on the social biographies of the photographs of Heinz Roth

3.2. Visions of gender – nature and natives

3.3. The internal gaze – photographs of the expedition

4. Gendered visions – oral histories around the Roth photographs

4.1. Gender & visuality – using photographs in history

Epilogue

List of Figures and Map

Bibliography

Unpublished Sources

Published Sources

Interviews

Index

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