Human Motor Control 2nd Edition by David Rosenbaum 0123742269 9780123742261

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ISBN 10: 0123742269

ISBN 13: 9780123742261

Author: David A. Rosenbaum

Motor Control is a complex process that involves the brain, muscles, limbs, and often external objects. It underlies motion, balance, stability, coordination, and our interaction with others and technology. This book is a comprehensive introduction to motor control, covering a complex topic in an approachable way encompassing the psychological, physiological, and computational approaches to motor control.

Human Motor Control, 2e cuts across all movement related disciplines: physical education, dance, physical therapy, robotics, etc. This second edition incorporates advances to the field, and integrates throughout the book how research harkens back to four critical questions: how do we select our actions of the many actions possible? How are these behaviors sequenced for appropriate order and timing between them? How does perception integrate with motor control? And how are perceptual-motor skills acquired?

As before, the book retains its signature organization around activity systems. These activity systems include walking, looking, reaching, drawing and writing, keyboarding, speaking and singing, and smiling. Chapters here exemplify rather than encompass all the behaviors related to them. Hence smiling discusses physical and neural control of the face used in other expressions besides smiling, as well as the origins of emotional expression, and the importance of emotion expression in social interaction. These chapters on activity systems are preceded by chapters on basics, with an introduction and information on the physiological and psychological foundations of movement. The last section discusses integration of movements, individual differences, theories of motor control, and the contributions of both genetics and technology to motor control.

Special features of the second edition:

Organization by major activity systems
New: brain imaging, social action, embodied cognition, advances in genetics and technology
Detailed treatment of motor neuroscience
Further Readings section added to each chapter

* Retains unique organization of first edition: Part 1 on Preliminaries, Part 2 on Activity Systems, Part 3 on Principles and Prospects
* Emphasizes exciting advances in the field and promising new directions
* Well-illustrated with entertaining figures

Table of contents:

PART I: PRELIMINARIES

Chapter 1. Introduction

Understanding Human Motor Control
Levels of Analysis
Fields Contributing to Research on Human Motor Control
Physics
Engineering
Statistics
Behavioral Science, Cognitive Science, and Human Factors
Physiology, Neuroscience, Medicine, and Allied Fields
Organization of the Book
Summary

Chapter 2. Core Problems

The Degrees of Freedom Problem
Whose Problem Is the Degrees of Freedom Problem?
Why the Term “Degrees of Freedom”?
Synergies
Relying on Mechanics
Efficiency
The Sequencing and Timing Problem
Speech Errors
Coarticulation
Timing
The Perceptual-Motor Integration Problem
Feedback
Feedforward
Movement Enhances Perception
Movement Informs Perception
Mirror Neurons
The Learning Problem
Learning by Doing
Learning by Practicing Deliberately
Learning Through Specificity of Practice
Learning Through Neural Plasticity
Summary
Further Reading

Chapter 3. Physiological Foundations

Muscle
The Length-Tension Relation
Motor Units and Recruitment
Proprioception
Muscle Spindles
Golgi Tendon Organs
Joint Receptors
Cutaneous Receptors
Spinal Cord
Spinal Reflexes
Servo Theory
α-γ Coactivation
Recurrent Inhibition
Reciprocal Inhibition
The Smart Spinal Cord
Tuning of Spinal Reflexes
Cerebellum
Regulation of Muscle Tone
Coordination
Timing
Learning
Basal Ganglia
Huntington’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease
Theories of Basal Ganglia Function
Motor Cortex
Force and Direction Control
Whole-Body Movement
Long-Loop Reflexes
Premotor Cortex
Supplementary Motor Area
Parietal Cortex
Apraxia
Cross-Modal Integration
Disconnections
Concluding Remarks
Summary
Further Reading

Chapter 4. Psychological Foundations

Theories of Sequencing and Timing
Response Chaining
Element-to-Position Associations
Inter-Element Inhibition
Hierarchies
Skill Acquisition
Closed-Loop Theory
Generalized Programs
Hierarchical Learning
Mental Practice and Imagery
Stage Theory
Physical Changes in Skill Acquisition
Codes and Stores
Codes
Procedural and Declarative Knowledge
Long-Term Memory
Short-Term Memory
History Effects
Motor Programs
The Motor Output Buffer
States of Mind
Attention
Intention
Ideo-Motor Theory
Summary
Further Reading

PART II: THE ACTIVITY SYSTEMS

Chapter 5. Walking

Descriptions of Walking
Gait Patterns at Different Speeds
Regularities in Gait Patterns
Neural Control of Locomotion
Neural Circuits for Locomotion
The Role of Sensory Feedback
Descending Effects
Anticipatory Postural Adjustments
Walking Machines
The Development of Walking
Neonatal Reflexes
Disappearance and Reappearance of Stepping
Models of Motor Development
Navigating
Visual Kinesthesis
Development of Visual Guidance
Memory
Route Maps and Survey Maps
Memory and Feedback
Summary
Further Reading

Chapter 6. Looking

Blinking
Accommodation
Pupil Constriction and Dilation
General Features of Eye Movements
Why Moveable Eyes?
Physical Dynamics
Activation of the Extra-Ocular Muscles
Conjugate and Disjunctive Eye Movements
Miniature Eye Movements
Saccades
Saccadic Suppression
Saccades and Attention
Smooth Pursuit Movements
Optokinetic Nystagmus
Vestibular-Oculo-Motor Reflex
Vergence Movements
Eye Movements and Space Constancy
Development and Plasticity of Oculo-Motor Control
Summary
Further Reading

Chapter 7. Reaching and Grasping

The Development of Reaching and Grasping
Direction
Distance
Orientation
Size
Functional Tuning of Grasps in Infancy
Visual Guidance
Vision and Touch
Vision for Action
Eye-Hand Coordination
Aiming
Woodworth’s Pioneering Study
Fitts’ Law
Iterative Corrections Model
Impulse Variability Model
Optimized Initial Impulse Model
Equilibrium Point Hypothesis
Discrete Versus Continuous Movements
Intersegmental Coordination
Transport and Grasp Phases
Hand-Space versus Joint-Space Planning
Moving Two Hands at Once
Summary
Further Reading

Chapter 8. Drawing and Writing

Drawing
Planning of Strokes
The Isogony Principle
Two-Third Power Law
Drawing Smoothly
Control of Writing
Error Analyses
Dysgraphia
Reaction Time Evidence for Grapheme Selection
Reaction Time Evidence for Allograph Selection
Writing Size, Relative Timing, and Absolute Timing
Context Effects
Writing and Handedness
The Dynamic Dominance Hypothesis
Summary
Further Reading

Chapter 9. Keyboarding

Reaction Time
Simple Reaction Time
Choice Reaction Time
Stimulus-Response Compatibility
Ideo-Motor Accounts of Stimulus-Response Compatibility
The SNARC Effect
The Simon Effect
The Stroop Effect
Response-Response Compatibility
Simultaneous and Sequential Finger Presses
Simultaneous Keystrokes
Sequences of Keypresses
Learning Keyboard Sequences
Control of Rhythm and Timing
Hierarchical Time Keepers
Event Timing
Amodality of Timing
Integration of Serial Order and Timing
Adjusting the Rate of Production for Entire Sequences
Typing
Historical Issues
Units of Typing Control
Typing Errors
Timing of Keystrokes in Typewriting
Rumelhart and Norman’s Model of Typewriting
Piano Playing
Summary
Further Reading

Chapter 10. Speaking and Singing

The Issues
Overview of the Chapter
The Vocal Tract and Articulatory Dynamics
The Respiratory System
Laryngeal Mechanisms
Articulatory Mechanisms
The Pharynx
Vowels
Consonants
Variability
The Motor Theory of Speech Perception
The Target Hypothesis
Relative Positions and Acoustic Targets
A Mechanism for Relative Positioning
A Parallel Distributed Processing System for Coarticulation
High-Level Control of Speech
Word Games
Laboratory Studies of Speaking Speed
Speech Errors
Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech
Bird Song
Motor Resonance
Summary
Further Reading

Chapter 11. Smiling

Physical Control of the Face
Neural Control of the Face
Control of the Upper and Lower Face
Volitional and Emotional Control
Left-Right Differences
Origins of Emotional Expression
Innateness and Universality
Causal Connections Between Expressions and Emotions
Associations Between Expressions and Emotions
Social Interaction
Imitation in Newborns
Imitation in Married Couples
Summary
Further Reading

PART III: PRINCIPLES AND PROSPECTS

Chapter 12. Moving On

Integration
Hitting Oncoming Balls
Golf Putting
Walking and Reaching
Enactive Cognition
More Subtle Manifestations of Cognition in Action
Moving with Others
Motion and Emotion
Individual Differences
Theories of Human Motor Control
Dynamical Systems Theory
Optimization
Innovations
Genetics
Technology
Concluding Remarks
Summary
Further Reading

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