Introduction to medical imaging 1st Edition by Bharath 1598296116 9781598296112

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ISBN 10: 1598296116

ISBN 13: 9781598296112

Author: A. A. Bharath

This book provides an introduction to the principles of several of the more widely used methods in medical imaging. Intended for engineering students, it provides a final-year undergraduate- or graduate-level introduction to several imaging modalities, including MRI, ultrasound, and X-Ray CT. The emphasis of the text is on mathematical models for imaging and image reconstruction physics. Emphasis is also given to sources of imaging artefacts. Such topics are usually not addressed across the different imaging modalities in one book, and this is a notable strength of the treatment given here. Table of Contents: Introduction / Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging / X-Ray CT / Ultrasonics / Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Imaging / Doppler Velocimetry / An Introduction to MRI

Table of contents:

Diagnostic x-ray imaging
Basic principles of x-ray imaging
Ideal description of imaging process
Relevant physics
Atomic structure
Nature of x-rays
X-ray generation
X-ray spectra
X-ray interactions with matter
Attenuation
The basics
Variation of linear attenuation coefficient
Beam hardening
Image formation physics
Film
Modelling film characteristics
X-ray image quality
Broad image quality goals
The real imaging process
Geometrical considerations
Quantum (photon) considerations
Beam hardening
Film effects
Grouping the effects of unsharpness
Quantitative measures of image quality
Measures of spatial resolution
Measures of contrast
Dosage
Exposure
Absorbed dose
KERMA
Converting exposure to absorbed dose in air
Dose in air vs dose in tissue
Genetic & effective dose equivalents
Dose and image contrast
Dose and signal/noise ratio
Practical issues
The x-ray source
Spatial distribution of x-ray photons
Receptors
Dosage & contrast issues
Contrast agents
Safety
X-ray CT
Planar x-rays: review
Limitations
Solutions to contrast and depth collapse
Slicing Fred
Linear projections
Basic principle of CT
Algebraic interpretation
The central slice theorem
Demonstration
Convolution backprojection algorithm
Backprojection
Determining h(x)
Scanning configurations and implementation
Introduction
First generation scanners
Second generation systems
Third generation scanners
Fourth generation scanners
Fifth generation scanners
6th generation
Spiral reconstruction
Image quality
Spatial resolution
Spatial resolution
Physical factors in spatial resolution
Density resolution
CT image artefacts
Streak & ring artefact
Patient-related artefacts
X-ray CT inherent
Digital image manipulation
Grey-scale windowing
Ultrasonics
Basic physics
The intensity of a planewave
The acoustic impedance
Propagation of HPW across acoustic interface
Summary
Finite aperture excitation
The Fraunhofer approximation
Summary
Real acoustic media
Attenuation
Empirical treatment
Ideal imaging parameters
Axial resolution
Lateral resolution
Constraints
Summary
Pulse-echo ultrasonic imaging
Introduction
Applications
Principles of operation
Acoustic pulse generation
Scanning geometries
Implementation
Linear B-mode
Signal detection
Image quality
Image artefact
Resolution
Frame rate
Doppler velocimetry
Introduction
Basic physics
Reflection vs scattering
Scattering of ultrasound by blood
Doppler effect basics
The continuous wave Doppler flowmeter
Doppler signal demodulation
Remarks
Limitations of the CW flowmeter
Attributes of the CW flowmeter
The pulsed wave Doppler flowmeter
Instrumentation
Remarks
Limitations of the pulsed Doppler velocimeter
Rounding up
An introduction to MRI
Introduction
Books and suggested reading
Basic principles
A brief history
Motion within the atom
The bare necessities of the QM description
Classical description
Orientation
The net magnetisation vector
Interacting with M
The motion of M
Relaxation processes
The Bloch equations
Significance of T1 and T2
T2 vs T2
Summary of relaxation
Basic sequences
Free induction decay
Partial saturation
Saturation recovery
Inversion recovery sequence
The spin echo sequence
Contrast
Proton density weighting
T2 weighted
T1 weighted
Brain tissue contrast: example
Summary
Where’s that echo coming from?
Slice selection
In-plane localisation
Frequency encoding
The signal detection process
k-space
Practically speaking
Wrapping up
Wave equations for ultrasound
Derivation of the HWE
The continuous medium
The 3D acoustic wave equation
Mathematical conventions used
Convolution
Sifting property
Fourier transform
Polar integrals.

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