Introduction to the Principles of Materials Evaluation 1st Edition by David C Jiles ISBN 142000736X 9781420007367

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Product details: 

ISBN 10: 142000736X

ISBN 13: 9781420007367

Author: David C. Jiles

Table of contents: 

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Fundamentals of Materials Evaluation and the Concept of Lifetime of Materials
1.1.1 Effects of Different Forms of Energy on Materials
1.1.2 Factors That Can Cause Failure of a Material
1.2 Testing
1.2.1 Macroexamination
1.2.2 Microexamination (Micrographs)
1.2.3 Comparison of Visual Inspection with Other Methods
1.2.4 Unassisted Visual Inspection
1.2.5 Assisted Visual Observation
1.3 Various Methods in Materials Evaluation
1.3.1 Concept for Nondestructive Evaluation
1.3.2 Techniques for Nondestructive Assessment
1.3.2.1 Major Methods
1.3.2.2 Minor Methods
1.3.3 Remedial Action
1.3.4 Terminology
Further Reading
Chapter 2 Mechanical Properties of Materials
2.1 Effects of Stress on A Material
2.1.1 Mechanical Testing
2.1.1.1 Destructive vs. Nondestructive Testing
2.1.2 The Stress–Strain Curve
2.1.3 Elastic Modulus
2.1.4 Yield Strength
2.1.5 Plastic Deformation
2.1.6 Tensile Strength
2.1.7 Ductility
2.1.8 Toughness and Resilience
2.2 Stress-Strain Relationships and Elastic Properties
2.2.1 Longitudinal Stress and Strain: Young’s Modulus
2.2.2 Transverse Strain: Poisson’s Ratio
2.2.3 Shear Stress and Strain: Shear Modulus
2.2.4 Volumetric Strain Under Uniaxial Stress
2.2.5 Volumetric Strain Under Hydrostatic Stress
2.2.6 Torsional Stress and Strain
2.3 Hardness
2.3.1 Brinell Hardness
2.3.2 Vickers Hardness
2.3.3 Rockwell Hardness
2.3.4 Knoop Microhardness
2.3.5 Relationship between Hardness and Other Mechanical Properties
Exercises: Mechanics and Mechanical Properties of Materials
References
Further Reading
Chapter 3 Sound Waves: Acoustic and Ultrasonic Properties of Materials
3.1 Vibrations and Waves
3.1.1 The Wave Equation
3.1.2 Wavelength and Frequency
3.2 Relationship Between Mechanical Properties and Wave Propagation
3.2.1 Transverse Waves
3.2.2 Longitudinal Waves
3.2.3 Changes in Mechanical Properties
3.3 Launching Waves in Materials
3.3.1 Transducers
3.3.2 Modes of Inspection: Pulse-Echo and Pitch-Catch
3.3.3 Time of Flight: Thickness Determination
3.3.4 Attenuation
3.3.5 Notation for Attenuation and Amplification of Signals
3.3.6 Acoustic Emission
3.3.7 Laser Generation of Ultrasound
Exercises: Sound — Sonics and Ultrasonics
References
Further Reading
Chapter 4 Thermal Properties of Materials
4.1 Thermal Effects in Materials
4.1.1 Thermal Capacity and Temperature Change
4.1.2 Thermal Conduction
4.1.3 Thermal Expansion
4.1.4 Stress Due to Thermal Expansion
4.2 Temperature Dependence of Materials Properties
4.2.1 Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
4.3 Effects of Heat on Structure of Materials
4.3.1 Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth
4.3.2 Effects of Annealing on Hardness and Ductility
4.3.3 Creep
Exercises: Effects of Heat: Thermal Properties
References
Further Reading
Chapter 5 Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Materials
5.1 Electrical Insulators
5.1.1 Polarization
5.1.2 Relation between Polarization and Field
5.1.3 Surface Charge
5.1.4 Values of Dielectric Coefficients
5.2 Electrical Conductors
5.2.1 Electric Current and Current Density
5.2.2 Relationship between Current Density, Conductivity, and Electric Field
5.2.3 Movement of Electrons in Conducting Materials
5.2.4 Temperature Dependence of Resistivity
5.3 Electrical Measurements for Materials Testing
5.3.1 Generation of Eddy Currents
5.3.2 Penetration of a Plane Electromagnetic Wave into a Material
5.3.3 Skin Depth
5.3.4 Electrical Parameters
5.3.5 Relationship between Voltage and Current under AC excitation
5.3.6 Components of Impedance
5.4 Magnetic Fields
5.4.1 Magnetic Field H
5.4.2 Magnetic Induction B
5.4.3 Magnetic Fields in Various Configurations
5.4.4 Three Simple Cases
5.4.5 Leakage Flux in the Vicinity of Flaws
Exercises: Electrical and Magnetic Properties
References
Further Reading
Chapter 6 Effects of Radiation on Materials
6.1 Basics of X-Rays
6.1.1 Generation of X-Rays
6.1.2 Typical X-Ray Spectrum
6.1.3 Attenuation of Radiation
6.1.4 Attenuation Coefficients
6.1.5 Mass Attenuation Coefficient
6.1.6 Composite Attenuation Coefficients
6.2 Interaction of X-Rays with Materials
6.2.1 Principal Interaction Processes
6.2.2 Atomic Attenuation Coefficient
6.2.3 Electronic Attenuation Coefficient
6.2.4 Contributions to Attenuation
6.2.5 Energy Dependence of Attenuation Coefficients
6.2.6 Surface Analysis Using Radiative Methods
6.2.7 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
6.2.8 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)
6.2.9 Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)
6.2.10 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
6.3 Exposure, Dose, and Dose Rate
6.3.1 Reduction in Intensity of a Divergent Beam of Radiation
6.3.2 Shielding of a Nondivergent Beam of Radiation
6.3.3 Reduction in Intensity of a Divergent Beam with Shielding
6.3.4 Dose
6.3.5 Reduction of Exposure to Radiation and Dose Rate
6.3.6 Measurement Units: Roentgen, Rad, and Rem
6.3.7 Recommended Upper Limits for Radiation Dose
Exercises: Effects of Radiation on Materials
References
Further Reading
Chapter 7 Mechanical Testing Methods
7.1 Tensile Testing
7.1.1 Stress–Strain Curve
7.1.2 Engineering Stress vs. True Stress
7.1.3 Nonlinear Behavior
7.2 Hardness Tests
7.2.1 Comparison of Hardness Tests and Conversion between Hardness Scales
7.2.2 Relationship of Hardness to Other Mechanical Properties
7.2.3 Variation of Indentation Area with Load: Reliability of Hardness Tests
7.3 Cracks and Failure of Materials
7.3.1 Cracks and Other Defects
7.3.2 Crack Growth
7.3.3 Fatigue
7.3.4 Detection of Cracks Using Liquid Penetrants
7.3.5 Other Methods for Surface Inspection
7.4 impact and fracture tests
7.4.1 Fracture Toughness
7.4.2 Relationship between Fracture Toughness and Charpy V Notch Test
7.4.3 Temperature Dependence of Fracture Toughness
Exercises: Mechanical Testing
References
Further Reading
Chapter 8 Ultrasonic Testing Methods
8.1 Generation of Ultrasound in Materials
8.1.1 Transducers
8.1.2 Beam Divergence
8.1.3 Distance–Amplitude Correction Curve
8.1.4 Display and Interpretation of Ultrasonic Data
8.1.4.1 Interpretation of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Signals
8.2 Inhomogeneous and Layered Materials
8.2.1 Transmission and Reflection at Interfaces
8.2.2 Amplitude of Reflected Wave
8.2.3 Energy Transfer and Conservation
8.2.4 Dependence of Reflected Energy on Impedances
8.2.5 Amplitude of Transmitted Wave
8.3 Angle Beams and Guided Waves
8.3.1 Mode Conversion
8.3.2 Nonnormal Reflection
8.3.3 Refraction
8.3.4 Surface Acoustic Waves
Exercises: Ultrasonic Testing Methods
References
Further Reading
Chapter 9 Electrical Testing Methods
9.1 Basics of Eddy Current Testing
9.1.1 Eddy Current Inspection
9.1.2 Impedance Plane Response
9.1.3 Depth Dependence of Intensity of Eddy Currents
9.1.4 Dependence of Penetration Depth on Materials Properties
9.2 Eddy Current Sensors
9.2.1 Various Sensor Geometries and Configurations
9.2.2 Equivalent Circuits
9.2.3 Impedance Measurement
9.2.4 Impedance Plane Representation
9.3 Factors Affecting Eddy Current Response
9.3.1 Materials Properties Affecting Eddy Currents
9.3.2 Effects of Cracks on Eddy Currents
9.3.3 Geometrical Factors Affecting Eddy Currents
9.3.4 Mutual Inductance
Exercises: Electrical Testing Methods
References
Further Reading
Chapter 10 Magnetic Testing Methods
10.1 Magnetization
10.1.1 Intrinsic Magnetic Properties
10.1.2 Magnetization Curves and Hysteresis
10.1.3 Dynamic Demagnetizing Effects: Reducing the Magnetization to Zero
10.1.4 Static Demagnetizing Effects: The Demagnetizing Factor
10.1.5 Equations Governing the Demagnetizing Effects in inhomogeneous materials
10.2 Magnetic methods for evaluation of defects
10.2.1 Intrinsic Methods
10.2.2 Extrinsic Methods
10.2.3 Detection of Flaws and Cracks Using Magnetic Flux Leakage
10.2.4 Description of Cracks as Magnetic Dipoles
10.2.5 Equations for Fields around Cracks
10.2.6 Examples of Leakage Field Calculations
10.3 Magnetic particle inspection
10.3.1 Various Procedures for Generating the Magnetic Field for mpi
10.3.2 Practical Considerations for Use in MPI
10.3.3 Rigid Coils
10.3.4 Flexible Coils
10.3.5 Current Needed to Magnetize Steels
10.3.6 Ketos Ring Test
10.3.7 Pie Gauge Test
10.3.8 Special Techniques for MPI

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