Mantle Dynamics Treatise on Geophysics 1st Edition by David Bercovici ISBN 0444534563 9780444534569

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ISBN 10: 0444534563 
ISBN 13: 9780444534569
Author: David Bercovici

Treatise on Geophysics: Mantle Dynamics, Volume 7 aims to provide both a classical and state-of-the-art introduction to the methods and science of mantle dynamics, as well as survey leading order problems (both solved and unsolved) and current understanding of how the mantle works. It is organized around two themes: (1) how is mantle convection studied; and (2) what do we understand about mantle dynamics to date. The first four chapters are thus concerned with pedagogical reviews of the physics of mantle convection; laboratory studies of the fluid dynamics of convection relevant to the mantle; theoretical analysis of mantle dynamics; and numerical analysis and methods of mantle convection. The subsequent chapters concentrate on leading issues of mantle convection itself, which include the energy budget of the mantle; the upper mantle and lithosphere in and near the spreading center (mid-ocean ridge) environment; the dynamics of subducting slabs; hot spots, melting anomalies, and mantle plumes; and finally, geochemical mantle dynamics and mixing.

Mantle Dynamics Treatise on Geophysics 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Mantle Dynamics Past, Present, and Future: An Introduction and Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 A Historical Perspective on Mantle Dynamics
1.3 Observations and Evidence for Mantle Convection
1.4 Mantle Properties
1.5 Questions about Mantle Convection We Have Probably Answered
1.6 Major Unsolved Issues in Mantle Dynamics
1.7 Burgeoning and Future Problems in Mantle Dynamics
1.8 Summary and Context of the Rest of This Volume
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Physics of Mantle Convection
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conservation Equations
2.3 Thermodynamic and Rheological Properties
2.4 Physics of Convection
2.5 Introduction to Physics of Multicomponent and Multiphase Flows
2.6 Specifics of Earth’s Mantle Convection
References
Chapter 3 Laboratory Studies of Mantle Convection
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Experimental Setups and Fluids
3.3 Measurements and Visualization Techniques
3.4 Rayleigh–Taylor Instabilities
3.5 Simple Rayleigh–Benard Convection Studies
3.6 Temperature-Dependent Viscosity
3.7 Complications: Internal Heating, Continents and Moving Plates
3.8 Close-Up on Plumes: Plumes from a Point Source of Buoyancy
3.9 Inhomogeneous Fluids: Mixing and Thermochemical Convection
3.10 Mid-Ocean Ridges and Wax Tectonics
3.11 Subduction-Related Experiments
3.12 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Analytical Approaches to Mantle Dynamics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Formulating Geodynamical Model Problems: Three Case Studies
4.3 Dimensional and Scaling Analysis
4.4 Self-Similarity and Intermediate Asymptotics
4.5 Slow Viscous Flow
4.6 Elasticity and Viscoelasticity
4.7 BL Theory
4.8 Long-Wave Theories
4.9 Hydrodynamic Stability and Thermal Convection
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 5 Numerical Methods for Mantle Convection
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Governing Equations and Initial and Boundary Conditions
5.3 Finite-Difference, Finite-Volume, and Spectral Methods
5.4 An FE Method
5.5 Incorporating More Realistic Physics
5.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
References
Relevant Websites
6 Temperatures, Heat and Energy in the Mantle of the Earth
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic Thermodynamics
6.3 Heat Loss through the Seafloor
6.4 Heat Loss through Continents
6.5 Heat Sources
6.6 Secular Cooling: Constraints on Mantle Temperatures
6.7 Thermal Evolution Models
6.8 Conclusions
Appendix 1: Contraction of Earth due to Secular Cooling
Appendix 2: Gravitational Energy Changes
Appendix 3: Viscous Dissipation
Appendix 4: Half-Space Cooling Model with Temperature-Dependent Properties
Appendix 5: Plate Models for the Oceanic Lithosphere
Appendix 6: Differences Between Estimates of the Energy Budget
Appendix 7: Average Thermal Structure and Temperature Changes in Upwellings and Downwellings
Appendix 8: Seafloor Age Distribution as Seen from Models of Mantle Convection
References
Chapter 7 The Dynamics and Convective Evolution of the Upper Mantle
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Cooling the Mantle from Above
7.3 Convective Instability due to Melting in the Upper Mantle
7.4 Upwelling and Melting beneath Oceanic Spreading Centers
7.5 Summary
References
Chapter 8 Mantle Downwellings and the Fate of Subducting Slabs: Constraints from Seismology, Geoid T
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Slab Geometry
8.3 Slab Modeling and Thermal Structure
8.4 Petrology, Geochemistry, and Arc Volcanics
8.5 Geoid and Topography
8.6 Discussion
8.7 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Hot Spots and Melting Anomalies
Nomenclature
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Characteristics
9.3 Dynamical Mechanisms
9.4 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Relevant Websites
Chapter 10 Mantle Geochemical Geodynamics
10.1 Observations and the Origin of Heterogeneity
10.2 Mantle Stirring and Mixing of Passive Heterogeneities
10.3 Mantle Convection with Active (Buoyant) Chemical Heterogeneity
10.4 Convection Models Tracking Trace-Element Evolution
10.5 New Concepts and Future Outlook

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