Metaethics A Contemporary Introduction 1st Edition by Mark Van Roojen 0415894417 9780415894418

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ISBN 10: 0415894417

ISBN 13: 9780415894418

Author: Mark Van Roojen

Metaethics: A Contemporary Introduction provides a solid foundation in metaethics for advanced undergraduates by introducing a series of puzzles that most metaethical theories address. These puzzles involve moral disagreement, reference, moral epistemology, metaphysics, and moral psychology. From there, author Mark van Roojen discusses the many positions in metaethics that people will take in reaction to these puzzles. Van Roojen asks several essential questions of his readers, namely: What is metaethics? Why study it? How does one discuss metaethics, given its inherently controversial nature? Each chapter closes with questions, both for reading comprehension and further discussion, and annotated suggestions for further reading.

Metaethics A Contemporary Introduction 1st Table of contents:

1.1 What Metaethics Is

1.2 The Plan of Approach to the Topic

1.3 Charting the Territory

1.4 Why Do Metaethics?

1.5 Some Cautions and Encouragement

A Subject Matter for Ethics?

2.1 A Simple Minimally Realist View

2.2 Disagreement According to Minimal Realism

2.3 Disruptive Disagreement and Disruptive Doubt

2.4 Mackie’s Argument From Disagreement

2.5 The Open Question Argument

2.6 Speaker Relativism

2.7 Hare-Style Translation Arguments

2.8 Concluding Summary

Questions

Reading

Moral Epistemology and the Empirical Underdetermination of Ethical Theory

3.1 Empirical Underdetermination

3.2 Coherence as the Ultimate Criterion?

3.3 Reductive Naturalism

3.4 Supervenience

3.5 Intuitionism

3.6 Does Evolution Undermine Intuitive Knowledge?

3.7 Skepticism About the Synthetic A Priori

3.8 Inference to the Best Explanation

Questions

Reading

The Practicality of Morality and the Humean Conception of Reason and Motivation

4.1 Varieties of Internalism

4.2 Motivating Some Important Varieties of Internalism

4.3 Internalism Is In Tension With Other Plausible Claims About Morality

Questions

Reading

Error Theory

5.1 Arguments for Error Theory

5.2 Error Theory and “Nonnegotiable” Commitments

5.3 A Worry About Charity and Some Replies

5.4 Epistemology and Reference

5.5 Error Theorists Owe Us a Theory of Error

5.6 Some Bookkeeping Matters: Error, Truth, Falsity, and Truth-Aptness

5.7 Summary and a Moral

Questions

Reading

Simple Subjectivism

6.1 What Simple Subjectivism Has Going for It

6.2 The Costs of the Simple Subjectivist View

6.3 Taking Stock

Questions

Reading

The Cognitivist Heirs of Simple Subjectivism: Ideal Observers and Ideal Agents

7.1 Enlarging the Relevant Group of Subjects Whose Attitudes Matter

7.2 The Strategy of Idealization

7.3 Response Dispositional Theories and the Color Analogy

7.4 Relativist Versus Absolutist Ideal Observer Theories

7.5 Which Attitudes?

7.6 Ideal Agent Theories3

7.7 Recap

Questions

Reading

Noncognitivist Heirs of Simple Subjectivism

8.1 Two Negative Claims

8.2 Noncognitivism as Heir to Subjectivism

8.3 Moral Disagreement

8.4 Systematically Extending the Basic Account (the Frege-Geach Problem)

8.5 Noncognitivism and the Open Question Argument

8.6 Naturalism

8.7 Morals/Motives Judgement Internalism as Motivating Noncognitivism

8.8 Agent Internalism, Quasi-realism, and Reprehensible Judgements

8.9 Responding to the Modal Objection to Subjectivism

8.10 Moral Epistemology

8.11 A Brief Look Back

Questions

Reading

Fictionalism

9.1 Hermeneutic Fictionalism and Error Theory

9.2 Why Accept Hermeneutic Fictionalism?

9.3 Turning the Abstract Strategy Into a Flesh and Bones Model

9.4 Revolutionary Moral Fictionalism

9.5 Objections to Moral Fictionalism

9.6 Summary

Questions

Reading

Externalist Backlash

10.1 Philippa Foot’s Challenges to Noncognitivism and Internalism

10.2 The Paradox of Analysis and the Open Question Argument

10.3 David Brink’s Externalist Arguments

Questions

Reading

Scientific Naturalism I: Cornell Realism

11.1 Cornell Realism

11.2 Cornell Realism and Causal Moral Semantics

11.3 Realist Moral Epistemology and Causal Efficacy

11.4 Cornell Realism and Morals/Motives & Morals/Reasons Externalism

11.5 The Moral Twin-Earth Objection

Questions

Reading

Scientific Naturalism II: Moral Functionalism and Network Analyses

12.1 Unobvious Analyticity

12.2 Defining Theoretical Terms via a Network Analysis

12.3 Internalism and Network Analyses

12.4 From the Rightness Realizing Role to Metaethical Naturalism

12.5 The Permutation Problem

12.6 Moral Twin-Earth and Network Analyses

12.7 Stepping Back a Bit

Questions

Reading

Nonnaturalism and Antireductionism

13.1 The Just Too Different Motivation

13.2 A Pessimistic Induction?

13.3 A General Worry About Nonnaturalist Explanation

13.4 Explaining Supervenience

13.5 Moral Epistemology, Reliability, and the Because Desideratum

13.6 Internalism

13.7 Nonnaturalism, Antireductionism, and Quietism?

Questions

Reading

Odds, Ends, and Morals

14.1 From Metaethics to Metanormativity

14.2 Supernaturalism

14.3 Constructivism and Contractualism

14.4 Rationalism and Reasons

14.5 Conclusion

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