Nanotechnology Risk Ethics and Law 1st Edition by Geoffrey Hunt, Michael Mehta ISBN 1844075834 9781844075836

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ISBN 10: 1844075834 
ISBN 13: 9781844075836
Author: Geoffrey Hunt, Michael Mehta

Nanotechnology – technology at the molecular level – is held out by many as the Holy Grail for creating a trillion dollar economy and solving problems from curing cancer to reprocessing waste into products and building superfast computers. Yet, as with GMOs, many view nanotech as a high risk genie in a bottle that once uncorked has the potential to cause unpredictable, perhaps irreversible, environmental and public health disasters. With the race to bring products to market, there is pressing need to take stock of the situation and to have a full public debate about this new technological frontier. Including contributions by renowned figures such as Roland Clift, K. Eric Drexler and Arpad Pusztai, this is the first global overview of the state of nanotech and society in Europe, the USA, Japan and Canada, examining the ethics, the environmental and public health risks, and the governance and regulation of this most promising, and potentially most dangerous, of all technologies.

Nanotechnology Risk Ethics and Law 1st Table of contents:

1 Introduction: The Challenge of Nanotechnologies
History
The nanoscale
Nanotechnology in society
Regional economic forces
Ethical? Yes, no and perhaps
Public involvement and legal constraints
Notes
References
Part One Introducing Nanotechnology
2 Nanotechnology: From ‘Wow’ to ‘Yuck’?
Introduction
A little bit of science
Present and future applications of nanotechnology
Consumer products
Military applications
Medical applications
Controversies: the ‘wow’ to ‘yuck’ trajectory
Summary
Acknowledgements
Notes
References
3 Nanotechnology: From Feynman to Funding
Introduction
The Feynman vision and its implications
Following Feynman
Vision obscured
Vision denied
Vision returning
Note: nanoterms and nanosystems
Notes
References
4 Microsystems and Nanoscience for Biomedical Applications: A View to the Future
Introduction
Microsystems
Cancer detection and treatment
Polygenics, Pharmacogenomics and Data Banks
Microsystems, social values and public trust
References
5 Nanotechnoscience and Complex Systems: The Case for Nanology
Introduction: more of the same?
Determinism and reductionism
Nanomaterials, nanology and fundamentality
Some nanology principles: CHISEL
Interactivity
Emergence
Holism
Criticality
Self-organization
Long-termism
A note on nanology and toxicology
Conclusion
References
Part Two Regional Developments
6 Nanotechnologies and Society in Japan
The home of nanotechnology
Government action on nanotechnology and society
Environment and public health
A new direction in industrial policy?
Corporate social responsibility
Ethics
Nanotechnology and Japan’s regional and international role
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
7 Nanotechnologies and Society in the USA
The rise of nanotechnology in the United States
Environment, health and safety
Public policy
Education
Public perception
Hype or a reaction to complexity?
References
8 Nanotechnologies and Society in Europe
Introduction
A policy of sustainability and responsibility?
Public funding
Research
Commercialization
Integration
Upstreaming public engagement
Attitudes to environmental and public health risks
Attitudes to regulation
Conclusion: the EU and global welfare
Notes
References
9 Nanotechnologies and Society in Canada
Defining Nanotechnology R&D in Canada
Current Canadian nanotechnology R&D vectors
Stages of nanotechnology R&D
Physical infrastructure accomplishments
Institutional infrastructure: NRC cluster strategy and NINT
Canada’s S&T and social policy backdrops
Federal beacons for nanotechnology R&D: S&T, health, and national security
Research announced as nanotechnology: S&T and NINT
Extending existing research into the nanoscale: health care and the life sciences
Special programmes
ICT: enabling technologies and convergence
Canada’s innovation strategy
The social framework
Notes
References
Part Three Benefits and Risks
10 From Biotechnology To Nanotechnology: What Can We Learn From Earlier Technologies?
Introduction
Lesson one: substantial equivalence
Lesson two: labelling
Lesson three: precautionary principle
Conclusion
Notes
References
11 Getting Nanotechnology Right the First Time
Reason for concern
Urgent need for action
Increase risk research
Experts’ assessments
Hazard endpoint testing costs
EPA research budgets for risks of airborne PM
Improve regulatory policy
Develop corporate standards of care
Engage a diverse range of stakeholders
Notes
12 Risk Management and Regulation in an Emerging Technology
Introduction – technology and risk management
Nanotechnology: hopes, doubts and fears
Environmental and health hazards and risks
Precautionary risk management and regulation
The UK Government response
Uncertainty and aspiration
Notes
References
13 Nanotechnology and Nanoparticle Toxicity: A Case for Precaution
Introduction
Health effects of respirable aerosols
Sources and composition of ambient particulate aerosols
The respiratory system and its natural defence mechanisms
Particle size and toxicity
Particle mobility in the body
Epidemiological evidence for the health effects of particle aerosols
Discussion
References
14 The Future of Nanotechnology in Food Science and Nutrition: Can Science Predict its Safety?
Introduction
Interactions of nanoparticles with isolated cells
In vivo (human and animal) reactivity of nanoparticles for the respiratory system and systemic consequences
Nanoparticles in foods
Possible risk assessment of nanoparticles in food by nutritional/toxicological testing
Conclusion
References
Part Four Ethics and Public Understanding
15 The Global Ethics of Nanotechnology
Technology of the smallest, ethics of the largest
Global injustice or justice?
Conflict or peace?
Environmental degradation or sustainability?
Over-consumption or moderation?
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Notes
References
16 Going Public: Risk, Trust and Public Understandings of Nanotechnology
Introduction
What do we know about public understandings of nanotechnology?
Learning lessons
Increasing trust
Engaging with the public
Conclusion
Notes
References
17 Dwarfing the Social? Nanotechnology Lessons from the Biotechnology Front
Introduction
What risks, what benefits, and for whom?
Who owns and controls these technologies?
Education for whom and to what end?
Who governs and how?
Conclusion
References
Part Five Law and Regulation
18 Nanotechnologies and the Law of Patents: A Collision Course
Introduction
Zeno’s paradox
An introduction to patents
What’s special about nanotech?
The problems with patents
Tragedy of the anti-commons
Avoiding the collision
Notes
References
19 Nanotechnology and Civil Liability
Introduction
Personal injury
Injury without negligence
Informed consent
To whom is the duty of care owed?
The UK’s Consumer Protection Act 1987
The eggshell skull rule
Remoteness and injury to future generations
A note on asbestos litigation
Conclusion
Legal cases
References
20 Nanotechnologies and the Ethical Conduct of Research Involving Human Subjects
Introduction
Technology overview: how will nanotechnology be used in human subject research?
Improved pharmaceutical products
Implantable materials for tissue repair and replacement
Implantable devices (including sensing devices, implantable medical devices and sensory aids)
Improved surgical tools
Medical imaging
Genetic testing methods
Other nano-innovations that may impact human subject research
General ethical concerns
Specific ethical concerns relevant in the context of genetic testing
Law and regulation
Conclusion
Notes
References
21 Nanotechnologies and Corporate Criminal Liability
Introduction
Criminal law: an overview
Corporations and criminal law
Corporations and responsibility
International harmonization and convergence
Globalization, multinational corporations and law
Holding corporations to account
Punishing corporations
Conclusion
Notes
References
Part Six Conclusion
22 What Makes Nanotechnologies Special?
Public engagament
To regulate or not?
Nanotechnology and society: moving from the very small to the very large
A nano-divide?
References
Appendix Measurement Scales and Glossary
Measurements
Vocabulary
Aerosol
Atomic force microscope

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