New Directions for Smallholder Agriculture 1st Edition by Peter Hazell, Atiqur Rahman 0199689342 9780199689347

New Directions for Smallholder Agriculture 1st Edition by Peter Hazell, Atiqur Rahman – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 0199689342, 9780199689347

Full download New Directions for Smallholder Agriculture 1st Edition after payment

Product details:

ISBN 10: 0199689342

ISBN 13: 9780199689347

Author: Peter B. R. Hazell, Atiqur Rahman

The majority of the poor and hungry people in the world live on small farms and struggle to subsist on too little land with low input – low yield technologies. At the same time, many other smallholders are successfully intensifying and succeeding as farm businesses, often in combination with diversification into off-farm sources of income. This book examines the growing divergence between subsistence and business oriented small farms, and discusses how this divergence has been impacted by population growth, trends in farm size distribution, urbanization, off-farm income diversification, and the globalization of agricultural value chains. It finds that policy makers need to differentiate more sharply between different types of small farms than they did in the past, both in terms of their potential contributions towards achieving national economic growth, poverty alleviation, and food security goals, and the types of assistance they need. The book distinguishes between smallholders that are business oriented, subsistence oriented, and at various stages of transition to the non-farm economy, and discusses strategies appropriate for assisting each type. The book draws on a wealth of recent experience at IFAD and elsewhere to help identify best practice approaches.

New Directions for Smallholder Agriculture 1st Table of contents:

1. What role for small farms?

2. Structure of the book

REFERENCES

Part I: The State of Smallholder Agriculture in the Developing World

2: On being a smallholder

REFERENCES

3: Right place, right time: The state of smallholders in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

1. Introduction

2. Smallholder farming—sub-Saharan Africa in perspective

2.1 FARM SIZE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

2.2 AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY OF LAND

2.3 AGRICULTURAL PERFORMANCE

2.4 TRADE

3. Opportunities for sub-Saharan Africa’s smallholders

3.1 FROM EXTENSIFICATION TOWARDS INTENSIFICATION

3.2 THE ROLE OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN FARMING AS A BUSINESS

3.3 HELPING SSA’S SMALLHOLDERS MANAGE THE RISKS OF FARMING AS A BUSINESS

4. Right place, right time—doing a better job of lowering business risk

4.1 RIGHT PLACE

So what is the impact of remoteness to marke ton agricultural productivity?

Reasons for high transport prices

4.2 RIGHT TIME

5. Conclusions and recommendations

REFERENCES

4: Smallholder farming in Asia and the Pacific: challenges and opportunities

1. Introduction

2. Transformation of agriculture

2.1 THE GREEN REVOLUTION

2.2 RECENT TRANSFORMATION IN AGRICULTURE

Growth in consumption and production of high-value commodities

Transformation of agrifood industry

3. Challenges faced by small farms

3.1 SIZE, MARKETED SURPLUS, AND PRICE

3.2 CROP YIELDS BY SIZE

3.3 DETERMINANTS OF MARKETED SUPPLY

3.4 DECLINING PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH

3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

3.6 LAND AND TENURE SECURITY

3.7 WATER SHORTAGES

3.8 DIVERSIFICATION

3.9 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE

3.10 RISK AND VULNERABILITY

4. Opportunities for higher productivity, higher incomes, and sustainability

4.1 TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS TO ADDRESS ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND YIELD GROWTH

Conservation agriculture/zero tillage

Organic agriculture

Biotechnology

4.2 INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATIONS FOR PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT AND DIVERSIFICATION

Farmer/producer organisations

Contract farming

Supply chains and supermarkets

Information and communication technology

Fiscal stimulus

5. Enabling policy and programme support to small farms—an example from Asia and the Pacific

6. Concluding remarks

Annex A

KERNEL DENSITY FUNCTIONS OF YIELDS

Annex B

THE TOBIT MODEL

REFERENCES

5: The state of smallholders in agriculture in Latin America

1. Introduction

2. Concepts

3. The smallholder sector in LAC

3.1 ARGENTINA

3.2 BRAZIL

3.3 CHILE

3.4 COLOMBIA

3.5 ECUADOR

3.6 GUATEMALA

3.7 NICARAGUA

3.8 URUGUAY

3.9 IN SUMMARY

4. The proximate context of smallholders

4.1 LOCAL ECONOMIC GROWTH AND POVERTY REDUCTION

4.2 TRENDS IN AGRI-FOOD MARKETS

5. The challenges

REFERENCES

Part II: The Business Agenda for Smallholders

6: Targeting investments to link farmers to markets: a framework for capturing the heterogeneity of

1. Introduction

2. Capturing the heterogeneity of smallholders through a typology of micro-regions

3. Implementing the proposed typology

3.1 THE MODEL

3.2 ESTIMATION

3.3 THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRODUCTION INPUTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

3.4 MOVING FROM HOUSEHOLD-LEVEL ESTIMATIONS TO SPATIAL ANALYSIS

4. Implementing the typology in three developing countries: Guatemala, Armenia, and Mozambique

4.1 CONSTRUCTING THE TYPOLOGY FOR GUATEMALA, ARMENIA, AND MOZAMBIQUE

5. Conclusions and policy issues

REFERENCES

ANNEX A: EMPIRICAL ESTIMATION OF STOCHASTIC PROFIT FRONTIER

Step 1: Estimation of the stochastic profit frontier function. Farmer level

Step 2: Prediction of potential and efficiency. Regional level

ANNEX B

Market access estimation

The accessibility model

ANNEX C

7: Promoting small farmer market access in Asia: Issues, experiences, and mechanisms

1. Introduction

2. Constraints and challenges

2.1 HIGH-VALUE CROPS, MARKET LINKAGE, AND SMALL PRODUCERS

2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR MARKET ACCESS

3. Market access experience in Asia

3.1 ROLE OF THE STATE

Hopcoms

Safal

Turmeric Cooperative (FAPRO)

3.2 ROLE OF INTERMEDIARIES IN MARKET ACCESS

NGOs as intermediaries in market access

Private sector as intermediaries

Aggregator model

Corporate linkage for smallholders

Public–private partnership for market access

Group market access

Producer/farmer companies

4. Conclusions and ways forward for effective market access

REFERENCES

8: Financing smallholder farmers in developing countries

1. Introduction

2. The context of finance for smallholder farmers

2.1 THE PERSISTENCE OF INFORMAL FINANCE

2.2 THE EVOLUTION OF INFORMAL FINANCE; ITS POTENTIAL ROLE IN SUPPORTING SMALL FARMERS

3. Overcoming development challenges: innovative approaches to financing small farmers

3.1 FINANCING VALUE CHAINS

3.2 INDEX-BASED WEATHER INSURANCE

4. Public sector financing of small farmers

5. Conclusion

REFERENCES

9: Improving farmers’ access to agricultural inputs and finance: approaches and lessons from sub-S

1. Introduction

2. Improved seed supply and demand challenges

2.1 FARM-LEVEL SEED DEMAND CHALLENGES

2.2 BOTTLENECKS AFFECTING SEED SUPPLY IN AFRICA

2.3 EXPANDING THE SUPPLY OF SEED

3. Demand and supply for fertilizers among farmers

3.1 DEMAND SIDE CONSTRAINTS TO THE USE OF FERTILIZERS

3.2 SUPPLY SIDE CONSTRAINTS TO FERTILIZER USE

4. Improving affordability of farm inputs

4.1 EXPANDING ‘SMART INPUT SUBSIDIES’

4.2 PACKAGING INPUTS IN SMALL SIZES TO IMPROVE AFFORDABILITY

4.3 DEVELOPING RURAL INPUT MARKETS

Expanding agro-dealers networks

Challenges faced by agro-dealers

Impacts of agro-dealers on input supply in rural areas

5. Farm credit constraints

5.1 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS

5.2 MICROFINANCE, SAVING, AND CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS

5.3 INTERLOCKED MARKETS FOR CREDIT AND VALUE-CHAIN FINANCING

5.4 CREDIT GUARANTEE SCHEMES

5.5 SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES IN EXPANDING ACCESS TO FINANCE FOR FARMERS

Equity Bank

National Microfinance Bank

Standard Bank

6. Conclusions

REFERENCES

10: Corporate agribusiness development and small farms

1. Introduction

2. Corporate investment in agricultural value chains

2.1 THE AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION PROCESS

2.2 SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Private-sector recognition of agriculture as a ‘growth industry’

Agribusiness concern over security of raw material supply

Increased corporate interest in large-scale farming

Growth of bio-energy production

Growing South–South investment

Increasing interest in social enterprise

3. Corporate engagement with small farms

3.1 BUSINESS MODELS AND VALUE CHAINS

The ‘ideal’ model from the corporate perspective

The consequences for small farmers’ participation in value chains

3.2 FORMS OF ENGAGEMENT

Nature of the transaction

Terms and conditions

Price determination

Outcomes

4. Inducing greater, and more beneficial, corporate involvement with small farms

4.1 THE AGRIBUSINESS INVESTMENT DECISION

4.2 BENEFITS, COSTS, AND RISKS

For agribusiness projects in general

For agribusiness projects involving small farmers

4.3 THE STRATEGIC CHOICE TO ENGAGE WITH SMALL FARMERS

‘Internal’ influences

External influences

4.4 THE SMALL FARM ‘EXCLUSION’ ISSUE

5. Policy implications

5.1 THE PARTIES INVOLVED

5.2 IDENTIFYING THE OPTIONS

Business environment

Public–private partnerships

Market intervention measures

5.3 WHAT WORKS?

Product branding for smallholder supply

Corporate commitment to new sourcing from smallholders

REFERENCES

11: A twenty-first-century balancing act: smallholder farm technology and cost-effective research

1. Introduction

2. Technology design

3. The centrality of adaptive research

4. Scale economies in increasing productivity in smallholder, rain-fed agriculture

5. Designing R&D institutions to foment growth in smallholder productivity

5.1 ORGANIZATIONAL CONSTRAINTS TO LINK TECHNOLOGY DESIGN, ADAPTIVE RESEARCH, AND DISSEMINATION

5.2 RESEARCH HIERARCHIES AND THE SMALLHOLDER

5.3 RESEARCH ORGANIZATION IN RESPONSE TO SYSTEM COMPLEXITY

6. Conclusions

REFERENCES

12: Farmers as entrepreneurs: sources of agricultural innovation in Africa

1. Introduction

2. Farmers as entrepreneurs: origins of agricultural innovation

3. Support systems and sources of agricultural innovation

3.1 PROVIDING ADEQUATE INFRASTRUCTURE

3.2 ENHANCING TECHNICAL COMPETENCE

3.3 FOSTERING BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

4. Implications for public policy and institutions

5. Conclusions

REFERENCES

Part III: Enhanced Livelihood Opportunities for Smallholders

13: The changing rural world and livelihood options for resource-poor rural people

1. Rural areas are changing

1.1 ACROSS MUCH OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD, AGRICULTURAL LAND ISSUES ARE DRIVING CHANGE

1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND THEIR IMPACTS

1.3 AGRICULTURAL MARKETS HAVE CHANGED PROFOUNDLY IN THE LAST 30 YEARS, AND THERE IS AN EXPANDING AND

1.4 MOBILE PHONES HAVE IMPROVED LIVES AND STIMULATED A WHOLE RANGE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN RURAL A

1.5 THE RAPID INCREASE IN MIGRATION FROM RURAL AREAS, AND THE REMITTANCES THAT THE MIGRANTS SEND HOM

1.6 IMPROVED INFRASTRUCTURE, COMBINED WITH GLOBALIZATION, IS STARTING TO CHANGE THE MAKE-UP AND STRU

1.7 AS THE WORLD AROUND THEM IS CHANGING, SO ARE RURAL POPULATIONS THEMSELVES

2. What do these changes mean for the poor rural people?

3. Livelihood strategies of the rural poor

4. Supporting the livelihood options of resource-poor rural people

REFERENCES

14: Securing land rights for smallholder farmers

1. Background and motivation

2. Conceptual issues

2.1 WHY SECURING LAND RIGHTS IS IMPORTANT

Investment incentives

Land transfers and financial markets

Power relations

2.2 CHALLENGES FOR EFFORTS TO STRENGTHENING LAND RIGHTS

Distributional aspects

Benefits from existing arrangements

Economically unaffordable solutions

3. Embedding smallholders’ rights in a system of good land governance

3.1 SECURING, ENFORCING, AND ALLOWING TRANSFERABILITY OF RIGHTS

3.2 PROVIDING EFFECTIVE AND LOW-COST ENFORCEMENT (INCLUDING DISPUTE RESOLUTION

3.3 IMPARTIALITY MANAGING PUBLIC LAND

4. Promising approaches to enhancing smallholders’ rights

4.1 REGISTRATION AND MAPPING OF COMMUNAL LAND

4.2 REGISTRATION OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS

4.3 MAKING LAND INFORMATION MORE WIDELY AVAILABLE AND IMPROVING INSTITUTIONAL EFFICIENCY

4.4 GENDER EQUITY

5. Conclusions and next steps

REFERENCES

15: Empowering women to become farmer entrepreneurs: case study of an NGO-supported programme in Ban

1. Introduction

2. Women’s participation in agriculture: prevailing knowledge

3. Findings of longitudinal surveys

4. Case study of a targeted project

4.1 PROJECTS FOR WOMEN’S ENGAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE

4.2 DATA AND METHODOLOGY

4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Socio-economic profile of NCDP farmers

Project intervention

Impact of the project

5. Concluding remarks

REFERENCES

16: Securing a future for smallholder farmers in an era of climate change

1. Introduction

2. Main climate threats by region and type of farm

2.1 DIRECT IMPACTS

2.2 INDIRECT CLIMATE-CHANGE IMPACTS

2.3 OVERALL COSTS OF CLIMATE-CHANGE IMPACTS

3. Adapting to climate change

3.1 BUILDING RESILIENCE TO DEAL WITH RISK AND UNCERTAINTY

3.2 ADAPTING RURAL SYSTEMS TO CLIMATE-CHANGE RISKS

4. New opportunities from climate-change policy and markets

5. What mix of measures will help smallholders adapt and prosper?

6. Conclusions

REFERENCES

17: Rural non-farm economy: current understandings, policy options, and future possibilities

1. Introduction

2. How important is the rural non-farm economy?

2.1 CONTRIBUTION TO JOBS AND INCOMES

2.2 INCREASING IMPORTANCE THROUGH TIME

2.3 COMPOSITION OF THE RURAL NON-FARM ECONOMY

2.4 CONTRIBUTION TO POVERTY AND INEQUALITY

3. How does the rural non-farm economy develop?

3.1 INTERNAL FORCES: TRADABLES AND THE ECONOMIC BASE

3.2 EXTERNAL FORCES: LINKS TO URBAN AREAS AND THE RISE OF PERI-URBAN AREAS

3.3 LINKAGES AND MULTIPLIERS: SPREADING THE BENEFITS OF A DYNAMIC ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

3.4 STAGNATION AND THE PUSH INTO NON-FARM WORK

3.5 SUPPLY OF RURAL NON-FARM GOODS AND SERVICES

3.6 RURAL NON-FARM DEVELOPMENT: POSSIBLE PATTERNS

4. What policies may stimulate the rural non-farm economy?

4.1 RURAL PUBLIC GOODS: PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND INVESTING IN PEOPLE

4.2 FINANCE: DEALING WITH MARKET FAILURES

4.3 LOCATION: THREE DIFFICULT QUESTIONS FOR POLICYMAKERS

5. What is the future of the rural non-farm economy in developing countries?

5.1 URBANIZATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND MIGRATION

5.2 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONS

5.3 LIBERALIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION

5.4 RISE OF CHINA AND INDIA AND OTHER LARGE EMERGING ECONOMIES

5.5 TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES

5.6 CHANGES POSSIBLE IN THE MEDIUM TERM

5.7 FUTURE RURAL ECONOMIES

6. Conclusions: small farmers and the rural non-farm economy

REFERENCES

Part IV: The Policy Agenda

18: Concluding chapter: the policy agenda

Defining small farms

Competitiveness of small farms

Farm size—a reverse transition

Does reverse transition matter?

The context of assisting small farms

COUNTRY CONTEXT

DIVERSITY OF SMALL FARMS

Approaches to assisting small farms

SOME GUIDING PRINCIPLES

ASSISTING BUSINESS-ORIENTED SMALL FARMS

Accessing improved technology

Linking small farmers to markets

Accessing seeds and fertilizer

Accessing finance

Accessing land

Encouraging entrepreneurship

Empowering women and vulnerable groups to become successful farmers

Building resilience

ASSISTING SMALL FARMS IN TRANSITION

ASSISTING SUBSISTENCE-ORIENTED SMALL FARMS

Targeting and delivering small farm assistance

TARGETING ASSISTANCE

DELIVERING ASSISTANCE

People also search for New Directions for Smallholder Agriculture 1st: 

new directions for smallholder agriculture

smallholder agriculture

smallholder farming

 smallholder farmer

Tags:

Peter Hazell,Atiqur Rahman,Directions,Smallholder