Predictability and Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation 2nd Edition by Yoshifumi Tanaka 1509912118 9781509912117

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ISBN 10: 1509912118 

ISBN 13: 9781509912117

Author: Yoshifumi Tanaka

This fully revised new edition offers a comprehensive picture of the law of maritime delimitation, incorporating all new cases and State practice in this field. As with all types of law, the law of maritime delimitation should possess a degree of predictability. On the other hand, as maritime delimitation cases differ, flexible considerations of geographical and non-geographical factors are also required in order to achieve equitable results. How, then, is it possible to ensure predictability while taking into account a number of diverse factors in order to achieve an equitable result? This is the question at the heart of the law of maritime delimitation. This book explores a well-balanced legal framework that reconciles predictability and flexibility in the law of maritime delimitation by looking at three aspects of the question: first it reviews the evolution of the law of maritime delimitation; second, it undertakes a comparative study of the case law and State practice; and third, it critically assesses the law of maritime delimitation in its current form.

Table of contents:

1. Preliminary Considerations

I. Nature of the Problem

A. Importance of Maritime Delimitation in International Law of the Sea

B. Development of the Studies on Maritime Delimitation

C. Analytical Framework

II. Concept of Maritime Delimitation

A. Legal Nature of Maritime Delimitation

i. Definition

ii. Arguments on the Distinction between Delimitation and Apportionment

iii. Arguments on the Distinction between Declaratory and Constitutive Delimitation

B. Typology of Maritime Delimitations

i. Typology in the 1958 Geneva Conventions

ii. Typology in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

PART I: THE EVOLUTION OF THE LAW OF MARITIME DELIMITATION: OPPOSITION OF TWO BASIC APPROACHES

2. Law of Maritime Delimitation Prior to the 1958 Geneva Conventions: Emergence of Two Approaches

I. Five Principal Systems of Maritime Delimitation

A. Median-Line System

i. State Practice and Opinions of Writers

ii. Emergence of Two Prototypes

B. The System of a Line Perpendicular to the General Direction of the Coast

i. The Grisbadarna Case (Norway/Sweden, 1909)

ii. Evaluation

C. Prolongation of the Land Boundary

D. Thalweg System

i. State Practice and the Case Law

ii. Evaluation

E. Common-Zone System

II. Discussion at the Hague Conference for the Codification of International Law in 1930

A. Delimitation of Territorial Sea between States with Adjacent Coasts

B. Delimitation of the Territorial Sea between States with Opposite Coasts

III. Summary

3. The 1958 Geneva Conventions and the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

I. The 1958 Geneva Conventions

A. Rules Regarding Delimitation of Territorial Sea and the Continental Shelf

i. Basic Structure of the Rules

ii. Comments on the Triple Rule

B. Rules on the Delimitation of Contiguous Zones and Internal Waters

II. The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

A. Analysis of Articles 74(1) and 83(1)

i. Legislative History of Articles 74(1) and 83(1)

ii. Problems with Articles 74(1) and 83(1)

B. Analysis of Articles 74(3) and 83(3)

i. Obligations under Articles 74(3) and 83(3)

ii. The Lawfulness of Unilateral Exploration and Exploitation

4. The Methodology of Maritime Delimitation in the Jurisprudence I: Continental Shelf Delimitation

I. The North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark, The Netherlands, ICJ, 1969)

A. Law Applicable to the Continental Shelf Delimitation (1): Article 6 of the Convention on the Continental Shelf

i. The Fundamental Aspects of Article 6

ii. The Positive Law Aspects of Article 6

B. Law Applicable to the Continental Shelf Delimitation (2): Equitable Principles

i. Legal Basis of Equitable Principles

ii. Substance of Equitable Principles

II. The Anglo-French Continental Shelf Case (France/United Kingdom, Arbitration, 1977)

A. Law Applicable to the Continental Shelf Delimitation

i. Preliminary Considerations on Reservations

ii. Relationship between Article 6 and Customary Law

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Establishment of the Continental Shelf Boundary

ii. Comparison between the 1969 and 1977 Decisions

III. The Tunisia/Libya Case (ICJ, 1982)

A. Law Applicable to the Continental Shelf Delimitation

i. Relationship between Equitable Principles and Natural Prolongation

ii. Approach to Equitable Principles

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Establishment of an Illustrative Continental Shelf Boundary

ii. Problem of the Illustrative Boundary

IV. The Libya/Malta Case (ICJ, 1985)

A. Law Applicable to the Continental Shelf Delimitation

i. The Court’s Approach to Equitable Principles

ii. Contents of Equitable Principles

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Establishment of the Illustrative Continental Shelf Boundary

ii. Evaluation

5. The Methodology of Maritime Delimitation in the Jurisprudence II: Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries

I. The Gulf of Maine Case (United States/Canada, ICJ, 1984)

A. Law Applicable to the Single Maritime Boundary

i. Three Levels of Structure in the Chamber’s Reasoning and its Problems

ii. The Chamber’s Approach to the Law Applicable to Single Maritime Boundary

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Operational Stage

ii. Verification Stage

II. The Guinea/Guinea-Bissau Case (Arbitration, 1985)

A. Law Applicable to the Single Maritime Boundary

B. Application of the Law Identified

III. The St Pierre and Miquelon Case (France/Canada, Arbitration, 1992)

A. Law Applicable to the Single Maritime Boundary

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Operational Stage

ii. Verification Stage

IV. The Jan Mayen Case (Denmark v Norway, ICJ, 1993)

A. The Law Applicable to the Maritime Delimitation

i. Law Applicable to the Continental Shelf

ii. Law Applicable to the FZ

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Consideration of the Special/Relevant Circumstances

ii. Balancing the Special/Relevant Circumstances

V. The Eritrea/Yemen Case: The Second Stage (Arbitration, 1999)

A. Law Applicable to the Single Maritime Boundary

B. Application of the Law Identified

VI. The Qatar v Bahrain Case (Merits, ICJ, 2001)

A. Law Applicable to Maritime Delimitation

i. Law Applicable to Territorial Sea Delimitation

ii. Law Applicable to a Single Maritime Boundary

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Territorial Sea Delimitation

ii. Single Maritime Boundary

VII. The Cameroon v Nigeria Case (Merits, ICJ, 2002)

A. Law Applicable to Maritime Delimitation

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Identification of Relevant Coasts and Base Points

ii. Considerations on Relevant Circumstances

VIII. The Barbados v Trinidad and Tobago Case (Arbitration, 2006)

A. Law Applicable to Maritime Delimitation

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Delimitation in the West and Central Segment of the Line

ii. Delimitation in the East

IX. The Guyana v Suriname Case (Arbitration, 2007)

A. Law Applicable to Maritime Delimitation

i. Law Applicable to Delimitation of the Territorial Sea

ii. Law Applicable to Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and EEZ

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Delimitation of the Territorial Sea

ii. Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and EEZ

X. The Nicaragua v Honduras Case (ICJ, 2007)

A. Law Applicable to Maritime Delimitation

i. The Existence of the Traditional Maritime Boundary Line

ii. The Methodology of the Court

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Establishment of a Single Maritime Boundary

ii. Starting-point and Endpoint of the Maritime Boundary

XI. The Black Sea Case (Romania v Ukraine, ICJ, 2009)

A. Law Applicable to Maritime Delimitation

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Construction of the Provisional Equidistance Line

ii. Considerations on Relevant Circumstances and the Disproportionality Test

XII. The Bangladesh/Myanmar Case (ITLOS, 2012)

A. Law Applicable to Maritime Delimitation

i. Law Application to the Single Maritime Boundary

ii. Law Applicable to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Delimitation of the Territorial Sea Boundary

ii. Delimitation of the EEZ and the Continental Shelf

XIII. The Nicaragua v Colombia Case (Merits, ICJ, 2012)

A. Law Applicable to Maritime Delimitation

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Construction of the Provisional Equidistance/Median Line

ii. Considerations of Relevant Circumstances and the Disproportionality Test

XIV. The Peru v Chile Case (ICJ, 2014)

A. Law Applicable to Maritime Delimitation

i. The Existence of an Agreed Maritime Boundary

ii. Maritime Delimitation from Point A

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Construction of the Provisional Equidistance Line

ii. Considerations of Relevant Circumstances and the Disproportionality Test

XV. The Bangladesh v India Case (Arbitration, 2014)

A. Law Applicable to Maritime Delimitation

i. Law Applicable to Delimitation of the Territorial Sea

ii. Law Applicable to Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and EEZ

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Establishment of the Territorial Sea Boundary

ii. Establishment of the Boundary of the EEZ and Continental Shelf

XVI. The Croatia/Slovenia Case (Arbitration, 2017)

A. Law Applicable to Maritime Delimitation

i. Law Applicable to the Delimitation of the Bay

ii. Law Applicable to Delimitation of the Territorial Sea

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Establishment of the Boundary in the Bay

ii. Establishment of the Territorial Sea Boundary

XVII. The Ghana/Côte d’Ivoire Case (ITLOS, 2017)

A. Law Applicable to Maritime Delimitation

i. Law Applicable to Delimitation of the Territorial Sea

ii. Law Applicable to Delimitation of the EEZ and the Continental Shelf

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Construction of the Provisional Equidistance Line

ii. Considerations of Relevant Circumstances and the Disproportionality Test

XVIII. The Costa Rica v Nicaragua Case (ICJ, 2018)

A. Law Applicable to Maritime Delimitation

i. Law Applicable to Delimitation of the Territorial Sea

ii. Law Applicable to Delimitation of the EEZ and the Continental Shelf

B. Application of the Law Identified

i. Establishment of the Territorial Sea Boundary

ii. Establishment of the Boundary of the EEZ and the Continental Shelf

XIX. Analysis of Approaches to the Maritime Delimitation

A. Evolution of the Methodology of Maritime Delimitation

i. Toward the Unification of the Methodology of the Maritime Delimitation

ii. Discussion

B. Delimitation of the Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles

i. Jurisdiction of an International Court or Tribunal to Delimit a Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles

ii. Methodology of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles

PART II: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE CASE LAW AND STATE PRACTICE

6. Predictability in the Law of Maritime Delimitation: The Applicability of the Equidistance Method at the First Stage of Delimitation

I. Method of Analysis

A. Importance of Comparative Analysis between the Case Law and State Practice

B. Concept of Predictability

II. Analysis of State Practice

A. The Equidistance Method in State Practice

i. Method of Analysis

ii. The Results

B. Evaluation

i. Extensive and Virtually Uniform State Practice

ii. Existence of Opinio Juris

III. Interlinkage between Legal Title and Method of Delimitation

A. Concept of Legal Title in Maritime Delimitation

B. Relationship between Legal Title and Delimitation Method in the Case Law

7. Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation I: Geographical Factors

I. Introduction

II. Configuration of the Coast

A. Opposite or Adjacent Coasts

i. Analysis of the Case Law

ii. Analysis of State Practice

B. Concave or Convex Coasts

i. Analysis of the Case Law

ii. Analysis of State Practice

C. General Direction of the Coast

i. Analysis of the Case Law

ii. Analysis of State Practice

D. Summary

III. Proportionality

A. Analysis of the Case Law

i. The First Phase (1969–2007): Development of the Concept of Proportionality in the Jurisprudence Concerning Maritime Delimitation

ii. The Second Phase (2009–Present): Disproportionality as an Ex Post Facto Test at the Third Stage of Maritime Delimitation

B. Analysis of State Practice

i. Agreements Regarding Continental Shelf Boundaries

ii. Agreements Regarding Single Maritime Boundaries

C. Summary

IV. Presence of Islands

A. Analysis of the Case Law

i. Islands in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations

ii. Islands in the Context of the Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries

B. Analysis of State Practice

i. Offshore Islands

ii. Islands ‘on the Wrong Side’

iii. Detached Islands (Islands as the Sole Unit of Entitlement)

iv. Island States

C. Summary

V. Baselines and Base Points

A. Analysis of the Case Law

i. Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations

ii. Arguments in the Context of Single Maritime Boundaries

B. Analysis of State Practice

i. Straight Baselines Which Did Not Influence the Maritime Delimitation

ii. Straight Baselines Which Did Influence the Maritime Delimitation

C. Summary

VI. Geological and Geomorphological Factors

A. Analysis of the Case Law

i. Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations

ii. Arguments in the Context of Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries

B. Analysis of State Practice

i. Agreements Regarding Continental Shelf Delimitations

ii. Agreements Regarding Single Maritime Boundaries

C. Summary

VII. The Presence of Third States

A. Analysis of the Case Law

i. Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations

ii. Arguments in the Judgments on Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries

B. Analysis of State Practice

i. Establishment of a Tri-Junction Point

ii. Agreements Which Provide for Future Delimitation with Third States

C. Summary

VIII. Position of Land Boundary

A. Analysis of the Case Law

i. Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations

ii. Arguments in the Context of Single Maritime Boundaries

B. Analysis of State Practice

i. Starting Point of Maritime Boundaries

ii. Prolongation of a Land Boundary

C. Summary

IX. Presence of Ice

A. Analysis of the Case Law: The Jan Mayen Case

B. Analysis of State Practice

C. Summary

X. Conclusions

8. Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation II: Non-Geographical Factors

I. Economic Factors

A. Analysis of the Case Law

i. Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations

ii. Arguments in the Context of Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries

B. Analysis of State Practice

i. Agreements Regarding Delimitations of Continental Shelf

ii. Agreements Regarding Single Maritime Boundaries

iii. Three Flexible Solutions in State Practice

C. Summary

II. Conduct of the Parties

A. Analysis of the Case Law

i. Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations

ii. Arguments in the Context of Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries

B. Analysis of State Practice

i. Agreements Regarding Continental Shelf Delimitations

ii. Agreements Regarding Single Maritime Boundaries

C. Summary

III. Historic Rights

A. Analysis of the Case Law

i. Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations

ii. Arguments in the Context of Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries

B. Analysis of State Practice

C. Summary

IV. Security Interests

A. Analysis of the Case Law

i. Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations

ii. Arguments in the Context of Single/Coincident Maritime Boundaries

B. Analysis of State Practice

C. Summary

V. Navigational Interests

A. Analysis of the Case Law

i. Arguments in the Context of Continental Shelf Delimitations

ii. Arguments in the Context of the Territorial Sea and Single Maritime Boundaries

B. Analysis of State Practice

i. Agreements Regarding Territorial Sea Delimitations

ii. Agreements Regarding Continental Shelf Delimitations and Single Maritime Boundaries

C. Summary

VI. Environmental Factors

A. Analysis of the Case Law

B. Analysis of State Practice

C. Summary

VII. Traditional Livelihood

A. Analysis of the Case Law

B. Analysis of State Practice

VIII. Conclusions

PART III: BALANCE BETWEEN PREDICTABILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN THE LAW OF MARITIME DELIMITATION

9. Legal Framework Reconciling Predictability and Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation

I. Tension between Predictability and Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation

II. General Observation

A. General Trend of the Case Law

B. Formation of the Case Law of Maritime Delimitation

III. Assessment of Relevant Circumstances

A. Scope of Relevant Circumstances

i. Two Hypotheses

ii. The Attempt to Establish a Legal Framework of Relevant Circumstances

B. Balancing Relevant Circumstances

i. The Balancing of Relevant Circumstances in State Practice

ii. The Balancing Relevant Circumstances in the Case Law

IV. Problems with the Application of the Three-Stage Approach

A. Problems with the First Stage of Maritime Delimitation: Subjectivity in the Construction of a Provisional Equidistance Line

B. Problems with the Second Stage of Maritime Delimitation: The Manner of an Adjustment of the Provisional Equidistance Line

C. Problems with the Third Stage of Maritime Delimitations: Subjectivity in the Application of the Disproportionality Test

V. Conclusions

10. General Conclusion

Appendix: State Practice Regarding Maritime Delimitation

Selected Bibliography

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