Preservation of Human Oocytes From Cryobiology Science to Clinical Applications 1st Edition by Andrea Borini, Giovanni Coticchio 0415476798 9780415476799

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ISBN 10: 0415476798

ISBN 13: 9780415476799

Author: Andrea Borini, Giovanni Coticchio

Oocyte cryopreservation entails important potential advantages for human IVF, offering a less ethically disputable alternative to embryo cryopreservation, simplifying and making safer oocyte donation, and giving an opportunity for fertility preservation to women at risk of premature ovarian failure as an effect of genetic factors or chemo- or radiotherapies. Oocyte cryopreservation could also meet the expectations of women wishing to preserve their fertility for social reasons. In the last few years, advances in cryopreservation methodologies have dramatically improved the efficiency of oocyte cryopreservation, leading to the birth of over a thousand babies and challenging the supremacy of embryo cryopreservation as the preferred form of fertility preservation. This text has been conceived with the aim of offering a comprehensive view of the state of the art of oocyte cryopreservation. It covers fundamental concepts of low temperature storage (controlled rate slow cooling and vitrification), aspects of oocyte physiology relevant to the process of cryopreservation, essential biological and clinical evidence, and ethical implications of oocyte cryopreservation, thereby providing a complete overview of progress in this strategy in assisted reproduction.

Preservation of Human Oocytes From Cryobiology Science to Clinical Applications 1st Table of contents:

Part 1: Fundamental Cryobiology

1 A Historical Overview of Embryo and Oocyte Preservation in the World of Mammalian in Vitro Fertilization and Biotechnology

Introduction

The Benefits of Freezing Embryos and Oocytes for Long-term Storage

From Cryotherapy to Modern Cryobiology

History of Mammalian Embryo Cryopreservation

Historical Landmarks and Evolution of Embryo Cryopreservation

Challenges in Embryo Cryopreservation (Learned Since the 1970s)

History of Mammalian Oocyte Cryopreservation

Historical Landmarks and Evolution of Oocyte Cryopreservation

Challenges in Oocyte Cryopreservation (Learned Since the 1980s)

Summary and New Directions

Acknowledgments

References

2 Principles of Cryopreservation

Introduction

Choice of Cryoprotectant

The Addition of Cryoprotectants

The Cooling Rate When Ice is Allowed to Form

The Cooling Rate When Ice is Not Allowed to Form

The Storage Temperature

The Warming Rate

Removal of Cryoprotectants

The Cryopreservation of Cell Suspensions

Cryopreservation of Multicellular Systems and Tissues

Conclusions

References

3 The Rational Basis for Controlled Rate Slow Cooling

Introduction

Controlled Rate Slow Cooling As An Option For Oocyte Cryopreservation

Development of Equipment For Controlled Rate Cooling Protocols

Control of Osmotic Stress By Analysis of Oocyte Membrane Physiology

Caveats on Membrane Permeability Measurements As We Currently Understand Them

Control of Other Parameters to Optimize Outcomes During Slow Cooling

Control of Ice Nucleation

Cooling Rates in the High Subzero Range

Control of Warming After Slow Cooling of Oocytes

Summary

References

4 Fundamentals and Current Practice of Vitrification

Vitrification Among Other Approaches to Preservation

Fundamentals of Vitrification

Definition and Historical Overview of Vitrification

Vitrification Solutions and Fundamentals of Equilibration/Dilution Procedures

Practical Aspects

What Lessons Can Be Learnt from Analysis of Oocyte Vitrification Protocols?

Selection of Components of Vitrification Solutions

Pre-equilibration

Temperature Factor

Dilution

Flexible Strategy

Vitrification of Immature, in Vitro-Matured, and Biopsied Human Oocytes

Safety of Cryopreservation and Containers For Vitrification

Closed and Sealed System: The “Straw-in-Straw” Approach

Use of a Single Standard Straw

Use of “Open” Containers

Remarks on Containers and Miscellaneous Observations

Is the Use of Serum/Proteins Necessary in Vitrification?

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

5 Predictive Models for the Development of Improved Cryopreservation Protocols for Human Oocytes

Introduction

Response of Human Oocytes to the Addition of Propane-1,2-Diol and Sucrose

Response of Human Oocytes to the Removal of Propane-1,2-Diol and Sucrose

Response of Human Oocytes to Cooling Rate During Freezing

Influence of Sucrose Concentration on Human Oocyte Freezing Response

Influence of Seeding Temperature and Hold Time on Human Oocyte Freezing Response

Response to Seeding Process Specified in the Example Cryopreservation Protocol

Cooling with No Hold Time: No Equilibration Prior to Cooling

Cooling After Long Hold Times: Complete Equilibration Prior to Cooling

Potential Problems Associated With Oocyte Transfer Between Multiple Solutions of Different Compositions

Summary

Acknowledgment

References

Part 2: Biological Aspects of Oocyte Cryopreservation

6 The Natural Life Cycle of the Mammalian Oocyte

Introduction

Birth

Storage and Activation

Growth

Maturation

Egg Activation

Interrupting the Oocyte Life Cycle: A Clinical Imperative

Acknowledgments

References

7 Essential Features of the Mature Oocyte

Oocyte Maturity Relies on Its History

Recognition of Maturity For Cryopreservation

Oocyte Size and State of Chromatin in A Mature Oocyte

Oocyte Nuclear Meiotic Maturation

Oocyte Cytoplasmic Maturation: Mitochondria and Polarity

Conclusions

References

8 Expression of Functional Aquaporins in Oocytes and Embryos and the Impact on Cryopreservation

Introduction

Aquaporin Structure and Function

Aquaporins in the Female Reproductive System

Reproductive Tract

Ovarian Follicles and Oocytes

Embryos

Role of Aquaporins in Water and Solute Permeability of Oocytes and Embryos

Oocyte Permeability

Embryo Permeability

Artificial Expression of Aquaporins in Oocytes

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements

References

9 Oocyte Storage at Different Developmental Stages

Fertility Storage: Diversity As A Rule

Overview of Oocyte Developmental Stages

Immature Oocytes

Mature Oocytes

Lessons From Oocyte Storage At Different Developmental Stages

Immature Oocyte Storage

Mature Oocyte Storage

Final Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

10 Oocyte Cryopreservation in the Mouse

Introduction

Survival, Fertilization and Viability

Failed Fertilization and Zona Hardening

Cytoskeleton and Chromosomes

Cryopreservation and Oocyte Physiology

Conclusion

References

11 Oocyte Storage in Domestic Species

Introduction: The Privileged Role of Domestic Species in Mammalian Embryology Research

Cryopreservation of Mammalian Oocytes: General Features

Achievements With Domestic Animals

Cytoskeleton Relaxants and Stabilizers

Stress For Stress Tolerance

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

12 Control of the Solution Effect During Controlled-Rate Cooling: Principles and Practical Application

Acknowledgements

References

13 Cryopreservation and the Cytoskeleton of the Human Oocyte

Introduction

Microfilaments

Organization and Function of Microfilaments in the Mammalian Oocyte

Does Cryopreservation Affect the Oocyte Actin Organization and Function?

Microtubules

Microtubule Dynamics During Oocyte Maturation

Effects of Cryopreservation on Microtubule and Chromosome Organization

Dynamic Observation of the Mii Spindle in Cryopreserved Oocytes

Conclusions

References

14 Non-Invasive Assessment of Cryopreserved Oocytes Through Polarized Light Microscopy

Introduction

Parameters of Oocyte Quality Prior to Freezing That Can Be Assessed Non-Invasively

Morphological Parameters

Non-Morphological Parameters

Parameters of Cryopreserved Oocyte Quality That Can Be Assessed Non-Invasively

Respiration Rate Measurements

Polarized Light Microscopy

Spindle Imaging of Cryopreserved Metaphase Ii Oocytes

Zona Imaging

Conclusions

References

15 Impact of Cryopreservation on Oocyte Physiology, Metabolism, and the Proteome

Introduction

Zona Pellucida Modification and Reduced Fertilization

Meiotic Spindle Depolymerization

Compromised Metabolic Activity

Aberrant Protein Expression

Summary

References

Part 3: Laboratory, Clinical, and Ethical Aspects of Oocyte Storage

16 Quality Management of a Low Temperature Storage Program in the Human Ivf Laboratory

The Place of Cryopreservation in Assisted Reproduction Technology

General and Specific Requirements of Cryopreservation Procedures

Laboratory Space, Equipment, Logbooks, and Databases

Staff Training and Consistency of Operator Performance

Time Investment Required By Cryopreservation Procedures in the Day-To-Day Routine

Choice of Cryopreservation Approach and Method

Established vs. Newly Introduced Methodology

Sustainable Margins of Errors

Storage Devices: Efficiency and Safety

Conclusions

References

17 The Contribution of Embryo Cryopreservation to the Clinical Efficacy of Art and to a Reduction of Art Multiple Pregnancies

Introduction

Clinical Efficacy and Multiple Pregnancy Rates Inter-Relate

Reporting Efficacy—Several Options

Current Trends

In Summary

Future Scenarios

References

18 Factors Influencing the Clinical Efficiency of Oocyte Cryopreservation

What Do We Mean By Clinical Efficiency in Assisted Reproduction?

What is the Clinical Context of Oocyte Cryopreservation?

Oocyte Quality

Survival of Cryopreserved Oocytes

Fertilization of Cryopreserved Oocytes

Development and Quality of Embryos From Cryopreserved Oocytes

Implantation of Embryos From Cryopreserved Oocytes

Attrition Rates After Oocyte Cryopreservation

Relative Clinical Efficiency of Oocyte Cryopreservation

References

19 Early and Recent History of Oocyte Cryopreservation in Human Ivf

Introduction

Early Animal Studies

Early Human Studies

Subsequent Research

Recent Clinical Application

Conclusions

References

20 Success Rates from Oocyte Cryopreservation

Introduction

A Synopsis of Oocyte Cryopreservation By the Slow Cooling Approach

Clinical Success Rate Based on Freezing Protocol

0.1 mol/L Sucrose at Freezing and 0.2 mol/L Sucrose at Thawing

0.3 mol/L Sucrose at Freezing and 0.3 mol/L Sucrose at Thawing

0.2 mol/L at Freezing and 0.3 mol/L at Thawing

Cumulative Pregnancy Rates

Comparison With 2Pn and Early Cleavage Stage Embryo Freezing

Implantation Rates From Cryopreserved Oocytes and Embryos

Conclusions

References

21 Clinical Evidence of Oocyte Vitrification

Introduction

Vitrification Methods

Vitrification of Mature Oocytes

Vitrification of Immature Oocytes

Vitrification of in Vitro Matured Oocytes

Obstetric and Perinatal Outcomes From Vitrified Oocytes

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

22 Oocyte Storage for Fertility Preservation Before Radio- and Chemotherapy

Introduction

Pregnancy—A Negative Prognostic Factor For Tumor Disease?

Risk of Ovarian Failure

Radiation

Chemotherapy

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Breast Cancer

Autoimmune Diseases

Fertility Preservation Techniques

Cryopreservation of Ovarian Tissue

Gnrh Analogues

Cryopreservation of Fertilized Oocytes

Cryopreservation Unfertilized Oocytes

Ovarian Stimulation in Patients With Breast Cancer

Ovulation Induction After Stimulation

Luteal Phase Stimulation

In Vitro Maturation

Combination With Other Techniques

Combination with Gnrh-a

Combination with the Cryopreservation of Ovarian Tissue

Outlook

References

23 Impact of Oocyte Storage in Oocyte Donation Treatments

Introduction

Main Cryopreservation Strategies

Clinical Outcome

References

24 Health of Children Born from Cryopreserved Oocytes and Embryos

Introduction

Assisted Reproductive Technologies: An Overview

Health of Children Born After Art

Introduction to Human Cryopreservation

Health of Children Born from Cryopreserved Oocytes (Including Vitrified Oocytes)

Health of Children Born from Cryopreserved Embryos

Conclusions

References

25 The Ethics of Fertility Preservation

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Andrea Borini,Giovanni Coticchio,Preservation,Cryobiology