Principles of Animal Locomotion 1st Edition by Mcneill Alexander 0691126348 9780691126340

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ISBN 10: 0691126348

ISBN 13: 9780691126340

Author: R. Mcneill Alexander

How can geckoes walk on the ceiling and basilisk lizards run over water? What are the aerodynamic effects that enable small insects to fly? What are the relative merits of squids’ jet-propelled swimming and fishes’ tail-powered swimming? Why do horses change gait as they increase speed? What determines our own vertical leap? Recent technical advances have greatly increased researchers’ ability to answer these questions with certainty and in detail. This text provides an up-to-date overview of how animals run, walk, jump, crawl, swim, soar, hover, and fly. Excluding only the tiny creatures that use cilia, it covers all animals that power their movements with muscle–from roundworms to whales, clams to elephants, and gnats to albatrosses. The introduction sets out the general rules governing all modes of animal locomotion and considers the performance criteria–such as speed, endurance, and economy–that have shaped their selection. It introduces energetics and optimality as basic principles. The text then tackles each of the major modes by which animals move on land, in water, and through air. It explains the mechanisms involved and the physical and biological forces shaping those mechanisms, paying particular attention to energy costs. Focusing on general principles but extensively discussing a wide variety of individual cases, this is a superb synthesis of current knowledge about animal locomotion. It will be enormously useful to advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and a range of professional biologists, physicists, and engineers.

Principles of Animal Locomotion 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1. The Best Way to Travel

1.1. Fitness

1.2. Speed

1.3. Acceleration and Maneuverability

1.4. Endurance

1.5. Economy of Energy

1.6. Stability

1.7. Compromises

1.8. Constraints

1.9. Optimization Theory

1.10. Gaits

Chapter 2. Muscle, the Motor

2.1. How Muscles Exert Force

2.2. Shortening and Lengthening Muscle

2.3. Power Output of Muscles

2.4. Pennation Patterns and Moment Arms

2.5. Power Consumption

2.6. Some Other Types of Muscle

Chapter 3. Energy Requirements for Locomotion

3.1. Kinetic Energy

3.2. Gravitational Potential Energy

3.3. Elastic Strain Energy

3.4. Work That Does Not Increase the Body’s Mechanical Energy

3.5. Work Requirements

3.6. Oscillatory Movements

Chapter 4. Consequences of Size Differences

4.1. Geometric Similarity, Allometry, and the Pace of Life

4.2. Dynamic Similarity

4.3. Elastic Similarity and Stress Similarity

Chapter 5. Methods for the Study of Locomotion

5.1. Cinematography and Video Recording

5.2. Stationary Locomotion

5.3. Measurement of Energy Consumption

5.4. Observing Flow

5.5. Forces and Pressures

5.6. Recording Muscle Action

5.7. Recording Movement at a Distance

5.8. Properties of Materials

Chapter 6. Alternative Techniques for Locomotion on Land

6.1. Two-Anchor Crawling

6.2. Crawling by Peristalsis

6.3. Serpentine Crawling

6.4. Froglike Hopping

6.5. An Inelastic Kangaroo

6.6. A Minimal Model of Walking

6.7. The Synthetic Wheel

6.8. Walkers with Heavy Legs

6.9. Spring–Mass Models of Running

6.10. Comparisons

Chapter 7. Walking, Running, and Hopping

7.1. Speed

7.2. Gaits

7.3. Forces and Energy

7.4. Energy-Saving Springs

7.5. Internal Kinetic Energy

7.6. Metabolic Cost of Transport

7.7. Prediction of Optimal Gaits

7.8. Soft Ground, Hills, and Loads

7.9. Stability

7.10. Maneuverability

Chapter 8. Climbing and Jumping

8.1. Standing Jumps

8.2. Leg Design and Jumping Technique

8.3. Size and Jumping

8.4. Jumping from Branches

8.5. Climbing Vertical Surfaces and Walking on the Ceiling

Chapter 9. Crawling and Burrowing

9.1. Worms

9.2. Insect Larvae

9.3. Molluscs

9.4. Reptiles

9.5. Mammals

Chapter 10. Gliding and Soaring

10.1. Drag

10.2. Lift

10.3. Drag on Aerofoils

10.4. Gliding Performance

10.5. Stability

10.6. Soaring

Chapter 11. Hovering

11.1. Airflow around Hovering Animals

11.2. Lift Generation

11.3. Power for Hovering

Chapter 12. Powered Forward Flight

12.1. Aerodynamics of Flapping Flight

12.2. Power Requirements for Flight

12.3. Optimization of Flight

Chapter 13. Moving on the Surface of Water

13.1. Fisher Spiders

13.2. Basilisk Lizards

13.3. Surface Swimmers

Chapter 14. Swimming with Oars and Hydrofoils

14.1. Froude Efficiency

14.2. Drag-Powered Swimming

14.3. Swimming Powered by Lift on Limbs or Paired Fins

14.4. Swimming with Hydrofoil Tails

14.5. Porpoising

Chapter 15. Swimming by Undulation

15.1. Undulating Fishes

15.2. Muscle Activity in Undulating Fishes

15.3. Fins, Tails, and Gaits

15.4. Undulating Worms

Chapter 16. Swimming by Jet Propulsion

16.1. Efficiency of Jet Propulsion

16.2. Elastic Mechanisms in Jet Propulsion

Chapter 17. Buoyancy

17.1. Buoyancy Organs

17.2. Swimming by Dense Animals

17.3. Energetics of Buoyancy

17.4. Buoyancy and Lifestyle

Chapter 18. Aids to Human Locomotion

18.1. Shoes

18.2. Bicycles

18.3. Scuba

18.4. Boats

18.5. Aircraft without Engines

Chapter 19. Epilogue

19.1. Metabolic Cost of Transport

19.2. Speeds

19.3. Gaits

19.4. Elastic Mechanisms

19.5. Priorities for Further Research

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Tags: Mcneill Alexander, Principles, Animal, Locomotion