Quantitative Modeling of Earth Surface Processes 1st Edition by Jon Pelletier 0521855977 9780521855976
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ISBN 10: 0521855977
ISBN 13: 9780521855976
Author: Jon D. Pelletier
This textbook describes some of the most effective and straightforward quantitative techniques for modeling Earth surface processes. By emphasizing a core set of equations and solution techniques, the book presents state-of-the-art models currently employed in Earth surface process research, as well as a set of simple but practical research tools. Detailed case studies demonstrate application of the methods to a wide variety of processes including hillslope, fluvial, aeolian, glacial, tectonic, and climatic systems. Exercises at the end of each chapter begin with simple calculations and then progress to more sophisticated problems that require computer programming. All the necessary computer codes are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521855976. Assuming some knowledge of calculus and basic programming experience, this quantitative textbook is designed for advanced geomorphology courses and as a reference book for professional researchers in Earth and planetary science looking for a quantitative approach to Earth surface processes.
Table of contents:
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 A tour of the fluvial system
1.1.1 Large-scale topography of the basin and range province
1.1.2 The hillslope system
1.1.3 Bedrock channels
1.1.4 Alluvial channels
1.1.5 Alluvial fans
1.2 A tour of the eolian system
1.2.1 The dust cycle in arid environments
1.2.2 Sand-dominated eolian systems
1.3 A tour of the glacial system
1.3.1 How ice deforms
1.3.2 Glacial landforms
1.4 Conclusions
Chapter 2 The diffusion equation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Analytic methods and applications
2.2.1 Steady-state hillslopes
2.2.2 Fourier series method
2.2.3 Similarity method
2.2.4 Transient approach to steady state
2.2.5 Evolution of alluvial-fan terraces following fan-head entrenchment
2.2.6 Evolution of alpine moraines
2.2.7 Evolution of pluvial shoreline and fault scarps
2.2.8 Degradation of archeological ruins
2.2.9 Radionuclide dispersion in soils
2.2.10 Evolution of cinder cones
2.2.11 Delta progradation
2.2.12 Dust deposition downwind of playas
2.3 Numerical techniques and applications
2.3.1 Forward-Time-Centered-Space method
2.3.2 Evolution of hillslopes with spatially-varying diffusivity
2.3.3 Evolution of hillslopes with landsliding
2.3.4 2D Evolution of alluvial-fan terraces
2.3.5 Implicit method
2.3.6 Alternating-Direction-Implicit method
Exercises
Chapter 3 Flow routing
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Algorithms
3.2.1 Single-direction algorithms
3.3 “Cleaning up” US Geological Survey DEMs
3.4 Application of flow-routing algorithms to estimate flood hazards
3.5 Contaminant transport in channel bed sediments
Exercises
Chapter 4 The advection/wave equation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Analytic methods
4.2.1 Method of characteristics
4.3 Numerical methods
4.3.1 Failure of the FTCS method
4.3.2 Lax method
4.3.3 Two-step Lax–Wendroff method
4.3.4 Upwind-differencing method
4.4 Modeling the fluvial-geomorphic response of the southern Sierra Nevada to uplift
4.5 The erosional decay of ancient orogens
Exercises
Chapter 5 Flexural isostasy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methods for 1D problems
5.2.1 Displacement under line loading
5.3 Methods for 2D problems
5.3.1 Integral method
5.3.2 Fourier filtering
5.4 Modeling of foreland basin geometry
5.5 Flexural-isostatic response to glacial erosion in the western US
Exercises
Chapter 6 Non-Newtonian flow equations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Modeling non-Newtonian and perfectly plastic flows
6.2.1 Analytic solutions
6.3 Modeling flows with temperature-dependent viscosity
6.4 Modeling of threshold-sliding ice sheets and glaciers over complex 3D topography
6.5 Thrust sheet mechanics
6.6 Glacial erosion beneath ice sheets
6.6.1 Length scales < flexural wavelength
6.6.2 Length scales > flexural wavelength
6.6.3 Near ice margins
Exercises
Chapter 7 Instabilities
7.1 Introduction
7.2 An introductory example: the Rayleigh–Taylor instability
7.3 A simple model for river meandering
7.4 Werner’s model for eolian dunes
7.5 Oscillations in arid alluvial channels
7.6 How are drumlins formed?
7.7 Spiral troughs on the Martian polar ice caps
Exercise
Chapter 8 Stochastic processes
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Time series analysis and fractional Gaussian noises
8.3 Langevin equations
8.4 Random walks
8.5 Unsteady erosion and deposition in eolian environments
8.6 Stochastic trees and diffusion-limited aggregation
8.7 Estimating total flux based on a statistical distribution of events: dust emission from playas
8.8 The frequency-size distribution of landslides
8.9 Coherence resonance and the timing of ice ages
Exercises
Appendix 1 Codes for solving the diffusion equation
A1.1 Preliminaries
A1.2 FTCS method for 2D diffusion equation
A1.3 FTCS method for 1D nonlinear diffusion equation
A1.4 ADI method for solving the 2D diffusion equation
A1.5 Numerical integration of Fourier–Bessel terms
Appendix 2 Codes for flow routing
A2.1 Filling in pits and flats in a DEM
A2.2 MFD flow routing method
A2.3 Successive flow routing with MFD method
Appendix 3 Codes for solving the advection equation
A3.1 Coupled 1D bedrock-alluvial channel evolution
A3.2 Modeling the development of topographic steady state in the stream-power model
A3.3 Knickpoint propagation in the 2D sediment-flux-driven bedrock erosion model
Appendix 4 Codes for solving the flexure equation
A4.1 Fourier filtering in 1D
A4.2 Integral solution in 2D
A4.3 Fourier filtering in 2D
A4.4 ADI technique applied to glacial isostatic response modeling
Appendix 5 Codes for modeling non-Newtonian flows
A5.1 2D radially symmetric lava flow simulation
A5.2 Sandpile method for ice-sheet and glacier reconstruction
Appendix 6 Codes for modeling instabilities
A6.1 Werner’s eolian dune model
A6.2 Oscillations in arid alluvial channels
A6.3 1D model of spiral troughs on Mars
Appendix 7 Codes for modeling stochastic processes
A7.1 Fractional-noise generation with Fourier-filtering method
A7.2 Stochastic model of Pleistocene ice ages
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