Race and Intelligence Separating Science From Myth 1st Edition by Jefferson M Fish ISBN 0805837574 9780805837575

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ISBN 10: 0805837574 
ISBN 13: 9780805837575
Author: Jefferson M Fish

In recent years, reported racial disparities in IQ scores have been the subject of raging debates in the behavioral and social sciences and education. What can be made of these test results in the context of current scientific knowledge about human evolution and cognition? Unfortunately, discussion of these issues has tended to generate more heat than light. Now, the distinguished authors of this book offer powerful new illumination. Representing a range of disciplines–psychology, anthropology, biology, economics, history, philosophy, sociology, and statistics–the authors review the concept of race and then the concept of intelligence. Presenting a wide range of findings, they put the experience of the United States–so frequently the only focus of attention–in global perspective. They also show that the human species has no “races” in the biological sense (though cultures have a variety of folk concepts of “race”), that there is no single form of intelligence, and that formal education helps individuals to develop a variety of cognitive abilities. Race and Intelligence offers the most comprehensive and definitive response thus far to claims of innate differences in intelligence among races.

Race and Intelligence Separating Science From Myth 1st Table of contents:

1 A Scientific Approach to Understanding Race and Intelligence
Psychologists, Anthropologists, and Race
Some Recent Books Dealing with Race and Intelligence
Books Claiminġ Innate “Racial” Differences
Other Books
Overview of This Book
Conclusion
References
I Part I
2 The Genetic and Evolutionary Significance or Human Races
What is Genetic Diversity?
What is a Race?
Are Human “Races” Geographically Circumscribed, Sharply Differentiated Populations?
Are Human “Races” Distinct Evolutionary Lineages?
The Significance of Genetic Differences Among Human Populations
Geographical Differentiation
Adaptive Differentiation
Differentiation in Cognitive Abilities
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
3 The Misuse of Life History Theory: J.P.Rushton and the Pseudoscience of Racial Hierarchy
Rushton’s Biological Determinism
Origins of r- and K-Selection
Early Views
Habitat and Life Histories: Origin of the Verbal Theory
Theoretical and Experimental Tests of r- and K- life histories
The Pseudoscience of Applying r- and K-Selection Theory to Human Races
Dismantling Rushton’s r- and K-Theory
Dismissal of the Concept of Human Races
Discussion of Rushton’s Use of r- and K-Theory
Misrepresentation of Legitimate Research
Statistical Misinterpretations
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
4 Folk Heredity
Taxonomism
Racism
Hereditarianism
Essentialism
Modern Folk Heredity
Conclusion: The Value of History
Acknowledgments
References
5 The Myth of Race*
What is Race?
Etics and Emics
Human Physical Variation
Folk Taxonomies
American “Races”
Brazilian Tipos
Ancestry and Physical Appearance in Other Folk Taxonomies
Haiti
Martinique
Puerto Rico
Ecuador
Jamaica
Cape Verde
The Myth of Race: Implications
Research
Immigrants
The Census
In Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
II Part II
6 Science and the Idea of Race: A Brief History
Early Enlightenment Attitudes Toward Human Differences
Popular Perceptions and Interpretations of Human Differences
English Experiences With Human Variation in the New World
Classifications of Human Groups in the 18th Century
19th Century Developments in the Ideology of Race
IQ: Hereditarian Ideology and the Measuring of Innate Mental Processes
The Scientific Reaction Against Race Ideology
References
7 The Bell Curve and the Politics of Negrophobia
References
III Part III
8 An Anthropologist Looks at “Race” and IQ Testing
The Item Content of the Tests
Perceptual Expectation
Drawing Convention
Construction of Categories
Riddles
Conclusion
References
9 African Inputs to the IQ Controversy, or Why Two-Legged Animals Can’t Sit Gracefully
African Testing
Camnet and the Bell Curve
Conclusions
References
10 Cultural Amplifiers of Intelligence: IQ and Minority Status in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Intelligence in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Conventional Definitions
An Alternative Intelligence?
Cultural Amplifiers of Intelligence
Cultural Amplifiers
Cultural Transmitters of Adaptive Intellectual Skills
Cultural Formulae or How Cultural Transmission Works
Ecocultural Context of IQ Tests
Minority Status and IQ
Minority Status, Not Race, Causes Low IQ Test Scores
IQ Tests and Minority Status
Minority Types and IQ Test Performance
Why Voluntary Minorities Have Higher Test Scores
Involuntary Minorities
Black Americans, Involuntary Minority Status, and IQ
Societal Treatment and Low IQ Test Scores
Black Responses and the Low IQ Test Scores: History and Absence of Incentive Motivation
The Problem of Change
How the Black Response Affects IQ Test Scores
Epistemology and Explanations of the Back-White Gap
Paradigms and Research Approaches
Paradigms and the Study of the Black—White Gap in IQ
Research Paradigms and Jensen’s Criticisms
Involuntary Minority Status and IQ in Cross-Cultural Perspective
The Burakumin
The Korean Case
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
IV Part IV
11 How Heritability Misleads about Race
The Simple Argument
Two Senses of “Genetic”
The Case of IQ
Heritability and Race Difference
Indirect Heritability
Acknowledgments
References
12 Selections of Evidence, Misleading Assumptions, and Oversimplifications: The Political Message of The Bell Curve
Prologue
Book Layout
Plan of This Review
Herrnstein and Murray’s Study
The Ability Measure
The Measure of Environmental Influences
The Analysis and Results
Bias in the Measurement of IQ
Argument from Genetics
The Measurement Problem
Problems With Heritability
Malleability of Abilities
Summary and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
V Part V
13 Test Scores, Education, and Poverty
Institutional Explanations of Poverty
The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Armed Forces Qualifying Test
What the AFQT Measures
IQ and the Causes of Poverty
Measurement and Modeling Strategy
Descriptive Results
Results for the Basic Model
Socioeconomic Background
Test Scores as a Factor in Poverty
Education, Test Scores, and Poverty
Poverty, Neighborhoods, and Segregation
Local and Regional Labor Markets
Gender and Poverty
Money, Marriage, and Poverty
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Appendix Examples of AFQT Questions
Arithmetic Reasoning
Word Knowledge
Paragraph Comprehension
Math Knowledge
14 Intelligence and Success: Is it All in the Genes?
The Bell Curve’s Main Argument
Devlin et al.’s Response to the Bell Curve
Science
The Genetics—Intelligence Link
Intelligence and the Measurement of IQ
Analyzing the Outcomes
Genetics, Race, and IQ
Implications of the Bell Curve for Public Policy?
Epilogue
Acknowledgment
References
Appendix Table of Contents of Intelligence, Genes, & Success
Part I: Overview
Part II: The Genetics—Intelligence Link
Part III: Intelligence and the Measurement of IQ
Part IV: Intelligence and Success: Reanalyses of Data From the NLSY
Part V: The Bell Curve and Public Policy
15 Compensatory Preschool Education, Cognitive Development, and “Race”
Short-Term Effects
Long-Term Effects
Ground Rules for a Critical Review
Model Program Studies
Large-Scale Public Programs
Study Findings
Intelligence as Measured by IQ
Achievement
School Progress and Placement
Explaining Patterns of Effects Over Time
Differential Effects by “Race”
Data Limitations
Limitations of the Analysis
Fixed-Effect Results

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