Mastering Regular Expressions 3rd Edition by Jeffrey Friedl 0596528124 9780596528126

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ISBN 10: 0596528124

ISBN 13: 9780596528126

Author: Jeffrey E. F. Friedl

Regular expressions are an extremely powerful tool for manipulating text and data. They are now standard features in a wide range of languages and popular tools, including Perl, Python, Ruby, Java, VB.NET and C# (and any language using the .NET Framework), PHP, and MySQL.If you don’t use regular expressions yet, you will discover in this book a whole new world of mastery over your data. If you already use them, you’ll appreciate this book’s unprecedented detail and breadth of coverage. If you think you know all you need to know about regularexpressions, this book is a stunning eye-opener.As this book shows, a command of regular expressions is an invaluable skill. Regular expressions allow you to code complex and subtle text processing that you never imagined could be automated. Regular expressions can save you time and aggravation. They can be used to craft elegant solutions to a wide range of problems. Once you’ve mastered regular expressions, they’ll become an invaluable part of your toolkit. You will wonder how you ever got by without them.Yet despite their wide availability, flexibility, and unparalleled power, regular expressions are frequently underutilized. Yet what is power in the hands of an expert can be fraught with peril for the unwary. Mastering Regular Expressions will help you navigate the minefield to becoming an expert and help you optimize your use of regular expressions. Mastering Regular Expressions, Third Edition, now includes a full chapter devoted to PHP and its powerful and expressive suite of regular expression functions, in addition to enhanced PHP coverage in the central ‘core’ chapters. Furthermore, this edition has been updated throughout to reflect advances in other languages, including expanded in-depth coverage of Sun’s java.util.regex package, which has emerged as the standard Java regex implementation.Topics include:A comparison of features among different versions of many languages and toolsHow the regular expression engine worksOptimization (major savings available here!)Matching just what you want, but not what you don’t wantSections and chapters on individual languagesWritten in the lucid, entertaining tone that makes a complex, dry topic become crystal-clear to programmers, and sprinkled with solutions to complex real-world problems, Mastering Regular Expressions, Third Edition offers a wealth information that you can put to immediateuse.Reviews of this new edition and the second edition:’There isn’t a better (or more useful) book available on regular expressions.’–Zak Greant, Managing Director, eZ Systems’A real tour-de-force of a book which not only covers the mechanics of regexes in extraordinary detail but also talks about efficiency and the use of regexes in Perl, Java, and .NET…If you use regular expressions as part of your professional work (even if you already have a good book on whatever language you’re programming in) I would strongly recommend this book to you.’–Dr. Chris Brown, Linux Format’The author does an outstanding job leading the reader from regexnovice to master. The book is extremely easy to read and chock full ofuseful and relevant examples…Regular expressions are valuable toolsthat every developer should have in their toolbox. Mastering RegularExpressions is the definitive guide to the subject, and an outstandingresource that belongs on every programmer’s bookshelf. Ten out of TenHorseshoes.’–Jason Menard, Java Ranch

Mastering Regular Expressions 3rd Table of contents:

Ch. 1: Introduction to Regular Expressions

Solving Real Problems

Regular Expressions as a Language

The Filename Analogy

The Language Analogy

The goal of this book

The Regular-Expression Frame of Mind

If You Have Some Regular-Expression Experience

Searching Text Files: Egrep

Egrep Metacharacters

Start and End of the Line

Character Classes

Matching any one of several characters

Negated character classes

Matching Any Character with Dot

Alternation

Matching any one of several subexpressions

Ignoring Differences in Capitalization

Word Boundaries

In a Nutshell

Optional Items

Other Quantifiers: Repetition

Defined range of matches: intervals

Parentheses and Backreferences

The Great Escape

Expanding the Foundation

Linguistic Diversification

The Goal of a Regular Expression

A Few More Examples

Variable names

A string within double quotes

Dollar amount (with optional cents)

An HTTP/HTML URL

An HTML tag

Time of day, such as “9:17 am” or “12:30 pm”

Regular Expression Nomenclature

Regex

Matching

Metacharacter

Flavor

Subexpression

Character

Improving on the Status Quo

Summary

Personal Glimpses

Ch. 2: Extended Introductory Examples

About the Examples

A Short Introduction to Perl

Matching Text with Regular Expressions

Toward a More Real-World Example

Side Effects of a Successful Match

Intertwined Regular Expressions

A short aside–metacharacters galore

Generic “whitespace” with s

Intermission

Modifying Text with Regular Expressions

Example: Form Letter

Example: Prettifying a Stock Price

Automated Editing

A Small Mail Utility

Real-world problems, real-world solutions

The “real” real world

Adding Commas to a Number with Lookaround

Lookaround doesn’t “consume” text

A few more lookahead examples

Back to the comma example…

Word boundaries and negative lookaround

Commafication without lookbehind

Text-to-HTML Conversion

Cooking special characters

Separating paragraphs

“Linkizing” an email address

Matching the username and hostname

Putting it together

“Linkizing” an HTTP URL

Building a regex library

Why `$’ and ` @’ sometimes need to be escaped

That Doubled-Word Thing

Moving bits around: operators, functions, and objects

Ch. 3: Overview of Regular Expressions Features and Flavors

Regular Expressions and Cars

In This Chapter

A Casual Stroll Across the Regex Landscape

The Origins of Regular Expressions

Grep’s metacharacters

Grep evolves

Egrep evolves

Other species evolve

POSIX–An attempt at standardization

Henry Spencer’s regex package

Perl evolves

A partial consolidation of flavors

Versions as of this book

At a Glance

Care and Handling of Regular Expressions

Integrated Handling

Procedural and Object-Oriented Handling

Regex handling in Java

A procedural example

Regex handling in VB and other .NET languages

Regex handling in PHP

Regex handling in Python

Why do approaches differ?

A Search-and-Replace Example

Search and replace in Java

Search and replace in VB.NET

Search and replace in PHP

Search and Replace in Other Languages

Awk

Tcl

GNU Emacs

Care and Handling: Summary

Strings, Character Encodings, and Modes

Strings as Regular Expressions

Strings in Java

Strings in VB.NET

Strings in C#

Strings in PHP

Strings in Python

Strings in Tcl

Regex literals in Perl

Character-Encoding Issues

Richness of encoding-related support

Unicode

Characters versus combining-character sequences

Multiple code points for the same character

Unicode 3.1+ and code points beyond U +FFFF

Unicode line terminator

Regex Modes and Match Modes

Case-insensitive match mode

Free-spacing and comments regex mode

Dot-matches-all match mode (a.k.a., “single-line mode”)

An unfortunate name.

Enhanced line-anchor match mode (a.k.a., “multiline mode”)

Literal-text regex mode

Common Metacharacters and Features

Character Representations

Character shorthands

These are machine dependent?

Octal escape– num

Hex and Unicode escapes: xnum, x{num}, unum, Unum, …

Control characters: cchar

Character Classes and Class-Like Constructs

Normal classes: [a-z]and [^a-z]

Almost any character: dot

Dot versus a negated character class

Exactly one byte

Unicode combining character sequence: X

Class shorthands: w, d, s, W, D, S

Unicode properties, scripts, and blocks: p{Prop }, P{Prop }

Scripts.

Blocks.

Other properties/qualities.

Simple class subtraction:

Full class set operations:

Class subtraction with set operators.

Mimicking class set operations with lookaround.

POSIX bracket-expression “character class”: [[:alpha:]]

POSIX bracket-expression “collating sequences”: [[.span-ll.]]

POSIX bracket-expression “character equivalents”: [[=n=]]

Emacs syntax classes

Anchors and Other “Zero-Width Assertions”

Start of line/string: ^, A

End of line/string: $, Z, z

Start of match (or end of previous match): G

End of previous match, or start of the current match?

Word boundaries: b, B, , …

Lookahead (?=•••), (?!•••); Lookbehind, (?<=•••), (?<!•••)

Comments and Mode Modifiers

Mode modifier: (?modifier ), such as (?i)or (?-i)

Mode-modified span: (?modifier :•••), such as (?i:•••)

Comments: (?#•••)and #•••

Literal-text span: Q•••E

Grouping, Capturing, Conditionals, and Control

Capturing/Grouping Parentheses: (•••)and 1, 2, …

Grouping-only parentheses: (?:•••)

Named capture: (?•••)

Atomic grouping: (?>•••)

Alternation: •••<•••<•••

Conditional: (?if then |else )

Using a special reference to capturing parentheses as the test

Using lookaround as the test.

Other tests for the conditional.

Greedy quantifier s: *, +, ?, {num,num}

Intervals– {min ,max }or {min ,max }

Lazy quantifier s: *, ?, +?, ??, {num,num}?

Possessive quantifier s: *, +, ++, ?+, {num,num}+

Guide to the Advanced Chapters

Ch. 4: The Mechanics of Expression Processing

Start Your Engines!

Two Kinds of Engines

New Standards

The impact of standards

Regex Engine Types

From the Department of Redundancy Department

Testing the Engine Type

Traditional NFA or not?

DFA or POSIX NFA?

Match Basics

About the Examples

Rule 1: The Match That Begins Earliest Wins

The “transmission” and the bump-along

The transmission’s main work: the bump-along

Engine Pieces and Parts

No “electric” parentheses, backreferences, or lazy quantifiers

Rule 2: The Standard Quantifiers Are Greedy

A subjective example

Being too greedy

First come, first served

Getting down to the details

Regex-Directed Versus Text-Directed

NFA Engine: Regex-Directed

The control benefits of an NFA engine

DFA Engine: Text-Directed

First Thoughts: NFA and DFA in Comparison

Consequences to us as users

Backtracking

A Really Crummy Analogy

A crummy little example

Two Important Points on Backtracking

Saved States

A match without backtracking

A match after backtracking

A non-match

A lazy match

Backtracking and Greediness

Star, plus, and their backtracking

Revisiting a fuller example

More About Greediness and Backtracking

Problems of Greediness

Multi-Character “Quotes”

Using Lazy Quantifiers

Greediness and Laziness Always Favor a Match

The Essence of Greediness, Laziness, and Backtracking

Possessive Quantifiers and Atomic Grouping

Atomic grouping with !(?>•••)”

The essence of atomic grouping

Some states may remain.

Faster failures with atomic grouping.

Possessive Quantifiers, ?+, ++, ++, and {m,n}+

The Backtracking of Lookaround

Mimicking atomic grouping with positive lookahead

Is Alternation Greedy?

Taking Advantage of Ordered Alternation

Ordered alternation pitfalls

NFA, DFA, and POSIX

“The Longest-Leftmost”

Really, the longest

POSIX and the Longest-Leftmost Rule

Speed and Efficiency

DFA efficiency

Summary: NFA and DFA in Comparison

DFA versus NFA: Differences in the pre-use compile

DFA versus NFA: Differences in match speed

DFA versus NFA: Differences in what is matched

DFA versus NFA: Differences in capabilities

DFA versus NFA: Differences in ease of implementation

Summary

Ch. 5: Practical Regex Techniques

Regex Balancing Act

A Few Short Examples

Continuing with Continuation Lines

Matching an IP Address

Know your context

Working with Filenames

Removing the leading path from a filename

Accessing the filename from a path

Both leading path and filename

Matching Balanced Sets of Parentheses

Watching Out for Unwanted Matches

Matching Delimited Text

Allowing escaped quotes in double-quoted strings

Knowing Your Data and Making Assumptions

Stripping Leading and Trailing Whitespace

HTML-Related Examples

Matching an HTML Tag

Matching an HTML Link

Examining an HTTP URL

Validating a Hostname

Plucking Out a URL in the Real World

Extended Examples

Keeping in Sync with Your Data

Keeping the match in sync with expectations

Maintaining sync after a non-match as well

Maintaining sync with G

This example in perspective

Parsing CSV Files

Distrusting the bump-along

Another approach.

One change for the sake of efficiency

Other CSV formats

Ch. 6: Crafting an Efficient Expression

Tests and Backtracks

Traditional NFA versus POSIX NFA

A Sobering Example

A Simple Change–Placing Your Best Foot Forward

Efficiency Versus Correctness

Advancing Further–Localizing the Greediness

Reality Check

“Exponential” matches

A Global View of Backtracking

More Work for a POSIX NFA

Work Required During a Non-Match

Being More Specific

Alternation Can Be Expensive

Benchmarking

Know What You’re Measuring

Benchmarking with PHP

Benchmarking with Java

Benchmarking with VB.NET

Benchmarking with Ruby

Benchmarking with Python

Benchmarking with Tcl

Common Optimizations

No Free Lunch

Everyone’s Lunch is Different

The Mechanics of Regex Application

Pre-Application Optimizations

Compile caching

Compile caching in the integrated approach

Compile caching in the procedural approach

Compile caching in the object-oriented approach

Pre-check of required character/substring optimization

Length-cognizance optimization

Optimizations with the Transmission

Start of string/line anchor optimization

Implicit-anchor optimization

End of string/line anchor optimization

Initial character/c lass/substring discrimination optimization

Embedded literal string check optimization

Length-cognizance transmission optimization

Optimizations of the Regex Itself

Literal string concatenation optimization

Simple quantifier optimization

Needless parentheses elimination

Needless character class elimination

Character following lazy quantifier optimization

“Excessive” backtracking detection

Exponential (a.k.a., super-linear) short-circuiting

State-suppression with possessive quantifiers

Small quantifier equivalence

Need cognizance

Techniques for Faster Expressions

Common Sense Techniques

Avoid recompiling

Use non-capturing parentheses

Don’t add superfluous parentheses

Don’t use superfluous character classes

Use leading anchors

Expose Literal Text

“Factor out” required components from quantifier s

“Factor out” required components from the front of alternation

Expose Anchors

Expose ^and Gat the front of expressions

Expose $at the end of expressions

Lazy Versus Greedy: Be Specific

Split Into Multiple Regular Expressions

Mimic Initial-Character Discrimination

Don’t do this with Tcl

Don’t do this with PHP

Use Atomic Grouping and Possessive Quantifiers

Lead the Engine to a Match

Put the most likely alternative first

Distribute into the end of alternation

This optimization can be dangerous

Unrolling the Loop

Method 1: Building a Regex From Past Experiences

Constructing a general “unrolling-the-loop” pattern

The Real Unrolling-the-Loop” Pattern

Avoiding the neverending match

1) The start of special and normal must never inter sect.

2) Special must not match nothingness.

3) Special must be atomic.

General things to look out for

Method 2: A Top-Down View

Method 3: An Internet Hostname

Observations

Using Atomic Grouping and Possessive Quantifiers

Making a neverending match safe with possessive quantifiers

Making a neverending match safe with atomic grouping

Short Unrolling Examples

Unrolling “multi-character” quotes

Unrolling the continuation-line example

Unrolling the CSV regex

Unrolling C Comments

To unroll or to not unroll…

Avoiding regex headaches

A direct approach

Making it work

Unrolling the C loop

Return to reality

The Freeflowing Regex

A Helping Hand to Guide the Match

A Well-Guided Regex is a Fast Regex

Wrapup

In Summary: Think!

Ch. 7: Perl

Regular Expressions as a Language

Perl’s Greatest Strength

Perl’s Greatest Weakness

Perl’s Regex Flavor

Regex Operands and Regex Literals

Features supported by regex literals

Picking your own regex delimiters

How Regex Literals Are Parsed

Regex Modifiers

Regex-Related Perlisms

Expression Context

Contorting an expression

Dynamic Scope and Regex Match Effects

Global and private variables

Dynamically scoped values

A better analogy: clear transparencies

Regex side effects and dynamic scoping

Dynamic scoping versus lexical scoping

Special Variables Modified by a Match

Using $1within a regex?

The qr/ŁŁŁ/ Operator and Regex Objects

Building and Using Regex Objects

Match modes (or lack thereof) are very sticky

Viewing Regex Objects

Using Regex Objects for Efficiency

The Match Operator

Match’s Regex Operand

Using a regex literal

Using a regex object

The default regex

Special match-once ?ŁŁŁ?

Specifying the Match Target Operand

The default target

Negating the sense of the match

Different Uses of the Match Operator

Normal “does this match?”–scalar context without /g

Normal “pluck data from a string”–list context, without /g

“Pluck all matches”–list context, with the /g modifier

Iterative Matching: Scalar Context, with /g

The “current match location” and the pos()function

Pre-setting a string’s pos

Using G

“Tag-team” matching with /gc

Pos-related summary

The Match Operator’s Environmental Relations

The match operator’s side effects

Outside influences on the match operator

Keeping your mind in context (and context in mind)

The Substitution Operator

The Replacement Operand

The /e Modifier

Multiple uses of /e

Context and Return Value

The Split Operator

Basic Split

Basic match operand

Target string operand

Basic chunk-limit operand

Advanced split

Returning Empty Elements

Trailing empty elements

The chunk-limit operand’s second job

Special matches at the ends of the string

Split’s Special Regex Operands

Split has no side effects

Split’s Match Operand with Capturing Parentheses

Fun with Perl Enhancements

Using a Dynamic Regex to Match Nested Pairs

Using the Embedded-Code Construct

Using embedded code to display match-time information

Using embedded code to see all matches

Finding the longest match

Finding the longest-leftmost match

Using embedded code in a conditional

Using local in an Embedded-Code Construct

A Warning About Embedded Code and my Variables

Matching Nested Constructs with Embedded Code

Overloading Regex Literals

Adding start- and end-of-word metacharacters

Adding support for possessive quantifiers

Problems with Regex-Literal Overloading

Mimicking Named Capture

Perl Efficiency Issues

“There’s More Than One Way to Do It”

Regex Compilation, the /o Modifier, qr/ŁŁŁ/,

The internal mechanics of preparing a regex

Perl steps to reduce regex compilation

Unconditional caching

On-demand recompilation

The “compile once” /o modifier

Potential “gotchas” of /o

Using regex objects for efficiency

Using m/•••/ with regex objects

Using /o with qr/•••/

Using the default regex for efficiency

Understanding the “Pre-Match” Copy

Pre-match copy suppor ts $1, $&, $’, $+, . . .

The pre-match copy is not always needed

The variables $`, $&, and $’are naughty

How expensive is the pre-match copy?

Avoiding the pre-match copy

Never use naughty variables

Don’t use naughty modules.

The Study Function

When not to use study

When study can help

Benchmarking

Regex Debugging Information

Run-time debugging information

Other ways to invoke debugging messages

Final Comments

Ch. 8: Java

Java’s Regex Flavor

Java Support for p{•••}and P{•••}

Unicode properties

Unicode blocks

Special Java character properties

Unicode Line Terminators

Using java.util.regex

The Pattern.compile()Factory

Pattern’s matcher method

The Matcher Object

Applying the Regex

Querying Match Results

Match-result example

Simple Search and Replace

Simple search and replace examples

The replacement argument

Advanced Search and Replace

Search-and-replace examples

In-Place Search and Replace

Using a different-sized replacement

The Matcher’s Region

Points to keep in mind

Setting and inspecting region bounds

Looking outside the current region

Transparent bounds

Anchoring bounds

Method Chaining

Methods for Building a Scanner

Examples illustrating hitEnd and requireEnd

The hitEndbug and its workaround

The workaround

Other Matcher Methods

Querying a matcher’s target text

Other Pattern Methods

Pattern’s split Method, with One Argument

Empty elements with adjacent matches

Pattern’s split Method, with Two Arguments

Split with a limit less than zero

Split with a limit of zero

Split with a limit greater than zero

Additional Examples

Adding Width and Height Attributes to Image Tags

Validating HTML with Multiple Patterns Per Matcher

Parsing Comma-Separated Values (CSV) Text

Java Version Differences

Differences Between 1.4.2 and 1.5.0

New methods in Java 1.5.0

Unicode-support differences between 1.4.2 and 1.5.0

Differences Between 1.5.0 and 1.6

Ch. 9: .NET

.NET’s Regex Flavor

Additional Comments on the Flavor

Named capture

An unfortunate consequence

Conditional tests

“Compiled” expressions

Right-to-left matching

Backslash-dig it ambiguities

ECMAScript mode

Using .NET Regular Expressions

Regex Quickstart

Quickstart: Checking a string for match

Quickstart: Matching and getting the text matched

Quickstart: Matching and getting captured text

Quickstart: Search and replace

Package Overview

Importing the regex namespace

Core Object Overview

Regex objects

Match objects

Group objects

Capture objects

All results are computed at match time

Core Object Details

Creating Regex Objects

Catching exceptions

Regex options

Using Regex Objects

Using a replacement delegate

Using Split with capturing parentheses

Using Match Objects

Using Group Objects

Static “Convenience” Functions

Regex Caching

Support Functions

Regex.Escape(string )

Regex.Unescape(string )

Match.Empty

Regex.CompileToAssembly(•••)

Advanced .NET

Regex Assemblies

Matching Nested Constructs

Capture Objects

Ch. 10: PHP

PHP’s Regex Flavor

The Preg Function Interface

“Pattern” Arguments

PHP single-quoted strings

Delimiters

Pattern modifiers

Pattern modifiers within the regex

Mode modifiers outside the regex

PHP-specific modifiers

The Preg Functions

preg_match

Capturing match data

Trailing “non-participatory” elements stripped

Named capture

Getting more details on the match: PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE

The offset argument

preg_match_all

Collecting match data

The default PREG_PATTERN_ORDER arrangement

The PREG_SET_ORDER arrangement

preg_match_all and the PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE flag

preg_match_all with named capture

preg_replace

Basic one-string, one-pattern, one-replacement preg_replace

Multiple subjects, patterns, and replacements

Ordering of array arguments

preg_replace_callback

A callback versus the e pattern modifier

preg_split

preg_split’s limit argument

preg_split’s flag arguments

PREG_SPLIT_OFFSET_CAPTURE

PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY

PREG_SPLIT_DELIM_CAPTURE

preg_grep

preg_quote

“Missing” Preg Functions

preg_regex_to_pattern

The problem

The solution

Syntax-Checking an Unknown Pattern Argument

Syntax-Checking an Unknown Regex

Recursive Expressions

Matching Text with Nested Parentheses

Recursive reference to a set of capturing parentheses

Recursive reference via named capture

More on possessive quantifiers

No Backtracking Into Recursion

Matching a Set of Nested Parentheses

PHP Efficiency Issues

The S Pattern Modifier: “Study”

Standard optimizations, without the S pattern modifier

Enhancing the optimization with the S pattern modifier

When the S pattern modifier can’t help

Suggested use

Extended Examples

CSV Parsing with PHP

Checking Tagged Data for Proper Nesting

The main body of this expression

The second alternative: non-tag text

The third alternative: self-closing tags

The first alternative: a matched set of tags

Possessive quantifiers

Real-world XML

HTML ?

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