Scholarship in the Digital Age Information Infrastructure and the Internet 1st Edition by Christine Borgman 0262026198 9780262026192

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ISBN 10: 0262026198 

ISBN 13: 9780262026192

Author: Christine L. Borgman

An exploration of the technical, social, legal, and economic aspects of the scholarly infrastructure needed to support research activities in all fields in the twenty-first century. Scholars in all fields now have access to an unprecedented wealth of online information, tools, and services. The Internet lies at the core of an information infrastructure for distributed, data-intensive, and collaborative research. Although much attention has been paid to the new technologies making this possible, from digitized books to sensor networks, it is the underlying social and policy changes that will have the most lasting effect on the scholarly enterprise. In Scholarship in the Digital Age, Christine Borgman explores the technical, social, legal, and economic aspects of the kind of infrastructure that we should be building for scholarly research in the twenty-first century. Borgman describes the roles that information technology plays at every stage in the life cycle of a research project and contrasts these new capabilities with the relatively stable system of scholarly communication, which remains based on publishing in journals, books, and conference proceedings. No framework for the impending “data deluge” exists comparable to that for publishing. Analyzing scholarly practices in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities, Borgman compares each discipline’s approach to infrastructure issues. In the process, she challenges the many stakeholders in the scholarly infrastructure—scholars, publishers, libraries, funding agencies, and others—to look beyond their own domains to address the interaction of technical, legal, economic, social, political, and disciplinary concerns. Scholarship in the Digital Age will provoke a stimulating conversation among all who depend on a rich and robust scholarly environment.

Table of contents:

1 Scholarship at a Crossroads
Content and Connectivity
An Opportune Moment
Scholarship in Social and Technical Contexts
The Data Deluge: Push and Pull
Problems of Scale
Influences on Scholarship and Learning
Networks of Data, Information, and People

2 Building the Scholarly Infrastructure
Technologies of Information Infrastructure
The Internet
The World Wide Web
The Grid
Digital Libraries
Information Infrastructure for Scholarship
Terminology
National and International Initiatives on Scholarly Infrastructure
UK Infrastructure Initiatives
United States Infrastructure Initiatives
International Initiatives
Exemplar Projects and Programs
Where Can the Greatest Benefits Be Realized?
Big Science, Little Science, Nonscience
What’s New about E-Research?
Conclusions

3 Embedded Everywhere
Theory and Policy Frameworks
Basic, Applied, and Use-Inspired Research
Open Science
Mertonian Norms
Sociotechnical Systems
Taking an Information Perspective
Information
Information Systems
Data versus Information
Infrastructure of or for Information
Infrastructure of Information
Infrastructure for Information
Setting a Research Agenda

4 The Continuity of Scholarly Communication
The Many Forms of Scholarly Communication
Public and Private, Formal and Informal
The Role of Preprints
The Role of Conferences
Informal and Formal Purposes of Conferences
Conflicts between Informal and Formal Purposes
Uses of Technology in Scholarly Conferences
Scholarly Communication as a Sociotechnical System
Process versus Structure
Quality Control
Quality Control of Scholarly Content
Problems with Peer Review
Publication Indicators as Proxies for Quality
The Functions of Scholarly Communication
Legitimization
Dissemination
Access, Preservation, and Curation
Author Roles and Functions
Authors as Writers
Authors as Citers and Linkers
Authors as Submitters
Authors as Collaborators
Summary

5 The Discontinuity of Scholarly Publishing
New Technologies, New Tensions
The Pull of New Technologies
The Push of Institutional Restructuring
Stakeholder Roles in Print Publishing
Legitimization in Print
Dissemination in Print
Access, Preservation, and Curation of Print
Stakeholder Roles in Internet Access to Scholarly Documents
Legitimization in Digital Form
Whom Do You Trust?
Registration and Certification
Legitimacy via Selection
Dissemination in Digital Form
Access, Preservation, and Curation in Digital Form
A Bit of Digital History
Searching, Discovering, and Retrieving
Following the Scholarly Trail
What Will Be Saved, and by Whom?
Convergence and Collision
What Constitutes a “Publication”?
Open Repositories, Open Archives, Open Access
Definitions of Open Access
Motivations for Open Access
Technology and Services for Open Access
Intellectual Property
Copyright and Rights Management
Copyright and the Public Domain
Fair Use and Orphan Works
Commons-Based Approaches
Economics and Business Models
Economics of Scholarly Publishing
Business Models for Scholarly Publishing

6 Data: Input and Output of Scholarship
The Value Chain of Scholarship
Value of Data
Definitions of Data
Levels of Data
Sources of Data
Policies to Encourage Data Sharing
Generation of New Forms of Data
Data Collections
Growth of Data
Interpreting Data
The Role of Data in Scholarly Communication
Legitimization of Data
Trust in Data
Registration of Data
Certification of Data
Dissemination of Data
Access, Preservation, and Curation of Data
Some History
Searching and Finding
Permanent Access
Weak Links in the Value Chain
Reuse of Data
Technology and Services
Intellectual Property and Economics
Profit versus Value
Public Domain for Data
Open Access, Open Data

7 Building an Infrastructure for Information
Scholarly Disciplines
Disciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity
Disciplines, Communities, and Cultures
Boundaries, Barriers, and Bridges
Professional Identity
Scholarly Practices
Seeking and Using Information
Information-Seeking Behavior
Temporal Factors
Scholarly Artifacts
Forms and Genres
Reading between the Lines
Constructing Knowledge
Representing Knowledge
Tacit Knowledge
Making Knowledge Mobile
Collaboration and Social Networks
Characteristics of Collaboration
Distributed Collaboration
Information in Collaboration
Sharing Information Artifacts

8 Disciplines, Documents, and Data
Sciences
Information Artifacts in the Sciences
Scientific Documents
Scientific Data
Description and Organization in the Sciences
Information Practices in the Sciences
Practices Associated with Scientific Documents
Practices Associated with Scientific Data
Incentives and Disincentives to Build the Content Layer for the Sciences
Incentives for Scientists to Share Information
Disincentives for Scientists to Share Information
Social Sciences
Information Artifacts in the Social Sciences
Social Scientific Documents
Social Scientific Data
Description and Organization in the Social Sciences
Information Practices in the Social Sciences
Practices Associated with Social Scientific Documents
Practices Associated with Social Scientific Data
Incentives and Disincentives to Build the Content Layer for the Social Sciences
Incentives for Social Scientists to Share Information
Disincentives for Social Scientists to Share Information
Humanities
Information Artifacts in the Humanities
Humanistic and Cultural Documents
Humanistic and Cultural Data
Description and Organization in the Humanities
Information Practices in the Humanities
Practices Associated with Humanistic and Cultural Documents
Practices Associated with Humanistic and Cultural Data
Incentives and Disincentives to Build the Content Layer for the Humanities
Incentives for Humanities Scholars to Share Information
Disincentives for Humanities Scholars to Share Information
Conclusions

9 The View from Here
Content and Context
The Sociotechnical Nature of Information
Malleable, Mutable, and Mobile
Building the Content Layer
Information Institutions
Organization and Business Model
Publishers
Universities
Funding Agencies
Information Commons
Some Solutions and Some Questions
Legacy Content: Past, Present, and Future
The New Becomes the Old
Investing in Digital Content
Digital Surrogates as Insurance
Capacity Building for the Content Layer
Rights to Preserve
Balancing the Local and the Global
Flexible Infrastructure Design
Personal Digital Libraries
Personalizing Discovery
Separating Content, Services, and Tools
Distributed, Heterogeneous Content
Rethinking Resource Description
Coherence and Control
Generic and Specialized Tools
Searching, Discovery, Retrieval, and Navigation
Maintaining Coherence
Trust in Content
Conclusions

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Tags: Christine Borgman, Scholarship, Information, Infrastructure