Spintronics A Primer 1st Edition by Jean Philippe Ansermet 1032432330 9781032432335

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ISBN 10: 1032432330

ISBN 13: 9781032432335

Author: Jean Philippe Ansermet

A sound understanding of magnetism, transport theory, spin relaxation mechanisms, and magnetization dynamics is necessary to engage in spintronics research. In this primer, special effort has been made to give straightforward explanations for these advanced concepts. This book will be a valuable resource for graduate students in spintronics and related fields. Concepts of magnetism such as exchange interaction, spin-orbit coupling, spin canting, and magnetic anisotropy are introduced. Spin-dependent transport is described using both thermodynamics and Boltzmann’s equation, including Berry curvature corrections. Spin relaxation phenomenology is accounted for with master equations for quantum spin systems coupled to a bath. Magnetic resonance principles are applied to describe spin waves in ferromagnets, cavity-mode coupling in antiferromagnets, and coherence phenomena relevant to spin qubits applications. Key Features: • A pedagogical approach to foundational concepts in spintronics with simple models that can be calculated to enhance understanding. • Nineteen chapters, each beginning with a historical perspective and ending with an outlook on current research. • 1200 references, ranging from landmark papers to frontline publications.

Spintronics A Primer 1st Table of contents:

Section I Introduction
Chapter 1 Magnetoresistance
1.1 Historical introduction
1.1.1 Spintronics
1.1.2 Engineering GMR materials
1.1.3 Tunnel magnetoresistance
1.1.4 Colossal magnetoresistance and half-metallic ferromagnets
1.1.5 Effect of current on magnetization
1.2 Magnetoresistance phenomenology
1.2.1 The two-current model
1.2.2 Spin-valve GMR
1.2.3 Jullière’s tunnel magnetoresistance
1.2.4 Spin-disorder scattering
1.2.5 Current-magnetization interaction: magnon drag
1.3 Further readings
Section II Magnetism
Chapter 2 Exchange
2.1 Historical introduction
2.2 Intra-atomic exchange
2.3 Direct inter-atomic exchange
2.4 Superexchange
2.5 Zeeman interaction
2.6 Spin-orbit interaction
2.6.1 Definition
2.6.2 Electron in a central field
2.6.3 Non-relativistic derivation
2.7 The Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction
2.7.1 Symmetry considerations
2.7.2 Second-order spin-orbit and exchange couplings
2.8 Further readings
Chapter 3 Crystal field effects
3.1 Historical introduction
3.2 Free paramagnetic ions
3.3 Quenching of the orbital moment
3.4 The g-factor anisotropy and Van Vleck susceptibility
3.5 Kramer’s degeneracy
3.6 Magnetic Jahn-Teller ions
3.7 Further readings
Chapter 4 Magnetic anisotropies
4.1 Historical introduction
4.2 Phenomenology
4.3 The Stoner-Wohlfarth model
4.4 Anisotropy arising from dipolar interactions
4.5 Ferromagnets of the 3d row
4.6 Ferromagnets of the 4f row
4.7 Exchange anisotropies
4.8 Further readings
Chapter 5 Indirect Exchange
5.1 Historical introduction
5.2 Indirect coupling of nuclei via a bath of electrons
5.3 RKKY interaction in terms of generalized susceptibility
5.4 Further readings
Chapter 6 Moments in Metals
6.1 Historical introduction
6.2 Magnetic impurities in metals
6.3 The ferromagnetism of band electrons
6.4 Spin fluctuations
6.5 The sd-model
6.6 Rashba effect
6.6.1 Time reversal and spatial inversion symmetry
6.6.2 Rashba Hamiltonian
6.7 Orbital angular momentum states
6.7.1 Phenomenology
6.7.2 Quasi one-dimensional helical states
6.8 Further readings
Chapter 7 Magnetization Dynamics
7.1 Historical introduction
7.2 Spin precession
7.3 Effective magnetic field
7.4 The Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation
7.4.1 Susceptibility and units
7.5 Exchange spin waves
7.6 Magnons
7.6.1 Goldstone modes
7.6.2 One-magnon eigenstates
7.6.3 Holstein-Primakoff method
7.7 Further readings
Section III Spin Transport
Chapter 8 Thermodynamics of Spin-Dependent Transport
8.1 Historical introduction
8.2 Thermodynamics of spin-dependent transport
8.2.1 Continuity of spin and charge
8.2.2 Diffusion equation and spin diffusion length
8.3 GMR of thin magnetic layers
8.4 Spin-induced interface resistance
8.5 Further readings
Chapter 9 Boltzmann Description of Transport
9.1 Historical introduction
9.2 Boltzmann description of transport without spin
9.2.1 Aim and validity
9.2.2 Boltzmann transport equation
9.2.3 Relaxation time approximation
9.2.4 Steady state linearized Boltzmann equation
9.2.5 Ohm’s law
9.2.6 Seebeck effect
9.2.7 Fourier and Wiedemann-Franz law
9.2.8 Mott’s formula
9.3 Phonon drag and magnon drag
9.3.1 Phenomenology
9.3.2 Scattering at point defects
9.3.3 Scattering with phonons or magnons
9.3.4 Boltzmann approach
9.4 Spin-dependent transport
9.4.1 Spin-dependent statistical distributions
9.4.2 Collisions with spin flips
9.4.3 The two-current model
9.4.4 Diffusion equation and spin accumulation
9.5 Further readings
Chapter 10 Perpendicular Transport Phenomena
10.1 Historical introduction
10.2 Thermodynamic definitions of perpendicular transport effects
10.3 Van der Pauw analysis of a Hall measurement
10.4 Boltzmann equation in the presence of a magnetic field
10.5 Hall effect for parabolic bands
10.6 Nernst effect for parabolic bands
10.7 Onsager reciprocity relations
10.8 Further readings
Chapter 11 Anomalous Transport
11.1 Historical introduction
11.2 Introduction to anomalous velocities
11.2.1 Bloch states and velocity
11.2.2 System subject to a slowly time-varying drive
11.2.3 Electron in a crystal subject to an electric field
11.3 Anomalous transport in a Boltzmann approach
11.3.1 Boltzmann equation with Berry curvature
11.3.2 Anomalous Hall effect
11.3.3 Anomalous longitudinal magnetoresistance
11.4 Spin Hall effect
11.4.1 Intrinsic spin Hall effect
11.4.2 Extrinsic spin Hall effect
11.4.3 Inverse spin Hall effect
11.5 Further readings
Section IV Spin Relaxation
Chapter 12 Principles of Spin Relaxation
12.1 Historical introduction
12.2 Relaxation of a two-level system
12.3 Relaxation by fluctuating fields
12.3.1 Time evolution of the density matrix
12.3.2 Relaxation from full polarization in one energy eigenstate
12.4 Linear response
12.5 Fluctuation-dissipation theorem
12.5.1 Quantum statistics
12.5.2 Classical statistics
12.6 Relaxation of a quantum mechanical system coupled to a bath
12.7 Further readings
Chapter 13 Mechanisms of Spin Flip
13.1 Historical introduction
13.2 Relaxation of conduction electron spins
13.2.1 Scattering at point defects
13.2.2 Spin-orbit scattering
13.2.3 Scattering calculations for an impurity with no excess charge
13.3 Magnetic scattering
13.3.1 Relaxation of magnons by conduction electrons
13.3.2 Conduction electron spin flip by magnons (spin mixing)
13.4 Elliott-Yafet mechanism
13.5 Dyakonov-Perel mechanism
13.6 Further readings
Chapter 14 Magnetic Relaxation
14.1 Historical introduction
14.2 Rotational Brownian motion
14.3 Magnetic relaxation as an eigenvalue problem
14.4 The Néel relaxation time
14.5 Further readings
Section V Spin Resonance
Chapter 15 Magnetic Resonance
15.1 Historical introduction
15.2 Rotating frame picture
15.3 The Bloch equations
15.4 Adiabatic fast passage
15.5 Transmission electron spin resonance
15.6 Spying on magnetism with magnetic resonance
15.6.1 Hund’s rule observed by NMR
15.6.2 Intra-atomic spin polarization: core polarization
15.6.3 Superexchange probed by NMR
15.6.4 Indirect spin-spin coupling
15.7 Further readings
Chapter 16 Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
16.1 Historical introduction
16.2 The Overhauser effect
16.2.1 Simplified detailed balance
16.2.2 Pairs of distinct, coupled spins
16.2.3 Simple picture
16.2.4 Fluctuating dipolar coupling
16.3 The solid effect
16.4 Spin diffusion without mass transport
16.5 Spin temperature
16.5.1 Temperature of an isolated system
16.5.2 Spin temperature in the laboratory frame
16.6 Adiabatic demagnetization
16.6.1 Basic principle
16.6.2 Adiabatic demagnetization in the rotating frame
16.6.3 A spin-based Carnot cooling cycle
16.7 Further readings
Chapter 17 Ferromagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
17.1 Historical introduction
17.2 Ferromagnetic resonance
17.3 Magnetostatic modes
17.4 Exchange spin waves excitation
17.5 Spin transfer torque
17.6 Spin-pumping spin currents
17.7 Spin-wave spin currents
17.8 Further readings
Chapter 18 Antiferromagnetic Resonance and Polaritons
18.1 Historical introduction
18.2 Quasi-static response of an antiferromagnet
18.3 Resonances in antiferromagnets
18.4 Spin waves in antiferromagnets
18.5 Magnetic polaritons
18.5.1 Electromagnetic waves in an antiferromagnet
18.5.2 Modes splitting
18.5.3 Scattering matrix modeling of magnetic polaritons
18.6 Cavity quantum electrodynamics of magnon polaritons
18.6.1 The Purcell effect
18.6.2 Coupled modes in quantum N-body formalism
18.6.3 Coupling strength when atomic spins are correlated
18.7 Further readings
Chapter 19 Coherent Spin Dynamics
19.1 Historical introduction
19.2 Resonant pulses
19.3 Quantum mechanical description of spin precession
19.4 Spin-operator formalism
19.4.1 Rotations
19.4.2 Simplified density matrix
19.4.3 Spin echo
19.4.4 Quadrupolar echoes
19.4.5 Double quantum coherence
19.4.6 Coherence transfer
19.5 Generating entangled states
19.6 Quantum logic gates for spins
19.7 Further readings
List of Abbreviations

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