Swine in the laboratory surgery anesthesia imaging and experimental techniques Third Edition by Michael Swindle, Alison Smith 1040057861 9781040057865

Chapter 1 Biology, Handling, Husbandry, and Anatomy

Introduction

Breed Selection

Biology

Taxonomy And Nomenclature

Reproduction

Growth And Development

Nutrition

Hematology And Biochemistry

Behavior

Enrichment

Husbandry

Disease Prevention

Restraint And Handling

Administration Of Medications And Injections

General Anatomy

Model Selection

References

Chapter 2 Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Perioperative Care

Introduction

Anesthetic Induction And Animal Prep Room Activities

Endotracheal Intubation

Special Perioperative Considerations

Preoperative Fasting

Intravenous Fluid Administration

Thermal Support

Cardiac Monitoring and Arrhythmias

Specialized Intraoperative Monitoring

Malignant Hyperthermia

Paralytic Agents (Neuromuscular Blockade)

Anesthetic Monitoring

Ventilation Rates

Postoperative Monitoring

Pain Assessment

Nonpharmacological Control of Pain and Distress

Chronic Pain and Distress

Preanesthetic Agents

Anticholinergics

Tranquilizers and Sedatives

Injectable Anesthetic Agents

Dissociative Agents and Combinations

Barbiturates

Opioid Infusions

Miscellaneous Agents

Inhalant Anesthetics

Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Cardiopulmonary Bypass Equipment

Surgery

Monitoring and Perfusionist Parameters

Anesthesia

Weaning from Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Postoperative Considerations

Regional Low-Flow Perfusion And Neural Protection

Analgesics

Opioids

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Reversal Agents for Injectable Anesthetics, Sedatives, and Analgesics

Local and Regional Analgesia

Commonly Recommended Protocols

Nonsurvival Teaching Protocols

General Surgery (without Physiological Measurements)

General Surgery (with Physiological Measurements)

Cardiothoracic Surgery (with Cardiovascular Manipulations)

Cardiothoracic Surgery (with Cardiovascular Compromise)

Coronary Artery Catheterization

General Physiological Effects Of Anesthetics

Dissociative Agents

Barbiturates

Sedatives/Hypnotics

Opioids

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Inhalant Anesthetics

Euthanasia

References

Chapter 3 Wound Closure and Integument

General Principles And Surgical Preparation

Suture Selection For Wound Closure

Wound Closure and Bandaging Techniques

Skin Flaps and Grafts

Random Skin Flaps

Arterial Skin Flaps

Myocutaneous Flaps

Wound-Healing Models

References

Chapter 4 Gastrointestinal Procedures

Surgical Anatomy

General Principles Of Abdominal Surgery

Postoperative Care

Gastrotomy And Gastrostomy Techniques

Pyloroplasty

Enterotomy And Intestinal Fistulation

Intestinal Infusion Catheter Implantation

Intestinal Anastomosis

Intestinal Diversion Or Intestinal Bypass

Colonic Anastomosis And Fistulation

Total Colectomy

Rectal Prolapse

Intestinal And Multivisceral Transplantation

Vagotomy

Intraperitoneal Sepsis, Septic Shock, And Hemorrhagic Shock

Medical Training

References

Chapter 5 Liver and Biliary System

Surgical Anatomy And General Principles Of Surgery

Cholecystectomy

Cannulation Or Constriction Of The Common Bile Duct

Partial Hepatectomy, Liver Biopsy, Liver Failure, And Intrahepatic Cannulation

Liver Transplantation

Donor Liver

Allograft and Autograft Implantation

Segmental Liver Grafts

Hepatic Xenoperfusion

References

Chapter 6 Pancreas and Spleen

Surgical Anatomy And General Principles Of Surgery

Pancreatectomy, Islet Cell Ablation, And Diabetes

Segmental Pancreatectomy, Pancreatic Transplant, And Islet Cell Isolation

Pancreatic Duct Ablation, Cannulation, And Pancreatitis

Splenectomy, Splenic Vascular Catheterization, And Splenic Transplantation

References

Chapter 7 Urinary System and Adrenal Glands

General Principles Of Surgery And Surgical Anatomy

Nephrectomy

Partial Nephrectomy And Intrarenal Surgery

Renal Transplant

Cystotomy And Ureteral Diversion

Urinary Tract Obstruction, Reflux Nephropathy, AND HYDRONEPHROSIS

Perineal Urethrostomy And Urinary Diversion

Preputial Diverticulum Ablation

Adrenalectomy

References

Chapter 8 The Reproductive System

General Principles Of Surgery

Castration (Orchiectomy) And Vasectomy

Ovariohysterectomy, Hysterectomy, Ovariectomy, Or Tubal Ligation

Cesarean Section (C-Section)

Fetal Surgery And Fetal Catheterization

Prolapse Of The Reproductive Tract

Endometriosis

Pelvic Adhesions

Artificial Insemination And Embryo Transfer

Mammectomy

References

Chapter 9 Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery/Chronic Intravascular Catheterization

General Principles Of Cardiothoracic Surgery And Surgical Anatomy

Median Sternotomy

Postsurgical Pneumothorax Management

Pulmonary System

Tracheostomy and Tracheotomy

Pneumonectomy and Lobectomy

Pulmonary Transplant

Cardiovascular System

Peripheral Vascular Cannulation and Chronic Catheterization Techniques

General Principles

General Surgical Principles for Catheterization

Catheter Design

Catheter Patency: Maintenance

Neck Vessels: External and Internal Jugular Veins and Carotid Artery

Leg Vessels

Portal Vein

Other Blood Vessels

Postoperative Considerations

Vascular Anastomosis

Arteriovenous and Venovenous Fistulas and Vascular Shunts

Atriotomy and Ventriculotomy

Valvular Surgery

Aortic and Pulmonary Artery Banding, Ligation of the Ductus Arteriosus, and Chronic Instrumentation

Myocardial Infarction and Associated Arrhythmias

Vascular Aneurysms

Bifurcation Aneurysms

Terminal Aneurysms

Fusiform Aneurysms

Wide-Necked Aneurysms

Coarctation of the Aorta

Cardiomyoplasty

Epicardial Pacemaker and Device Implantation

Heart and Heart–Lung Transplantation

H eart Transplant

Donor

Recipient

Heart–Lung Transplant

Miscellaneous Thoracic Procedures

Thoracic Duct Cannulation

Esophageal Surgery

References

Chapter 10 Head and Neck Surgery/Central Nervous System

General Principles Of Surgery And Surgical Anatomy

Dental Procedures And Tusk Trimming

Maxillofacial And Craniotomy Procedures

Ocular Surgery

Pharyngostomy Tubes

Thyroidectomy

Parathyroidectomy

Hypophysectomy

Spinal Cord Ischemia And Hemorrhage

Spinal Cord Injury And Neurotrauma Models

Stroke Models

Neurodegenerative And Miscellaneous Brain Disorders

Csf Collection And Epidural Injection

Epidural Injection

CSF Collection

References

Chapter 11 Musculoskeletal System and Orthopedic Procedures

Anatomy And Terminology

SKELETAL MATURITY

Orthopedic Research Models In Swine

Analgesia and Veterinary Care

Developmental and Deformity Models

Orthopedic Tissue Engineering Models

Trauma, Infection, and Transplantation Models

Spinal Models

Oral and Facial Models

Surgical Approaches To Bones And Joints

Foreleg

Hind Limb

Vertebral Column

Tendon And Ligament Repair

Bone Marrow Aspiration

Amputation Of A Digit And Hoof Trimming

Tail Amputation

Hernia Repair

References

Chapter 12 Cardiovascular Catheterization, Electrophysiology, and Imaging Laboratory Procedures

Introduction

Peripheral Vascular Access For Cardiovascular Catheters

Anesthetics And Adjunct Drugs

Hemodynamics

Angioplasty Balloon Techniques, Intravascular Device Implantations, And Restenosis

Atherosclerosis

Swine And Metabolic Syndrome

Electrophysiology And Electrocardiography And Telemetry

Pacemaker Implantation And Endocardial Pacemaker Leads

Conduction System Ablation

Angiography

Echocardiography

References

Chapter 13 Endoscopy and Minimally Invasive Surgery

Introduction

General Considerations

Anatomic Considerations For Flexible Endoscopic Research

Performing Endoscopy

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

Endoscopic Hemostasis (Gastrointestinal Bleeding)

Colonoscopy

Laryngoscopy And Bronchoscopy

Training In Flexible Endoscopy

Laparoscopic And Thoracoscope Surgery

Cholecystectomy

Small Intestinal Anastomosis

Colonic Anastomosis

Vagotomy and Hiatal Procedures

Nephrectomy and Renal Ablation

Inguinal Herniorrhaphy

Appendectomy

Splenectomy

Adrenalectomy

Urinary Bladder Procedures

Reproductive Procedures

Thoracoscopy

Laparoscopic Ultrasonography

Postoperative Care For Laparoscopic And Endoscopic Procedures

Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery

Surgical Robotics

References

Chapter 14 Xenotransplantation and Transgenic Technologies

Introduction

Swine As A Xenogeneic Donor

Use of Swine Tissues: Short-Term/Temporary Solutions

Use of Swine Cells/Tissues for Long-Term/Life-Long Solutions

Immunological Considerations

Antibody-Mediated Rejection of Swine Organs

T Cell-Mediated Rejection

Tolerance Induction for the Prevention of Swine Tissue Rejection

Innate Immune System

Complement and Coagulation Factors

Genetic Modification of Swine: The Development of Humanized Swine

Ethical And Social Considerations

Regulatory Guidelines

Cross-Species Disease Transmission And Public Health Considerations

Management And Husbandry Strategies

Other Considerations

References

Chapter 15 Toxicology

Introduction

Pig As A Toxicological Model

Species Differences

Pigs versus Other Species

Anatomy

Physiology

Breed/Strain Differences

Breeds of Minipigs

Drug Metabolism

Enzymes

Phase I Reactions

Phase II Reactions

Organs Of Drug Metabolism

Gastrointestinal Tract

Liver

Kidney

Skin

Regulatory Issues

Pigs As A Toxicology Model: Systems

Sampling

Clinical

New Directions/Conclusions

References

Chapter 16 Radiobiology

References

Chapter 17 Imaging Techniques with CT, MRI, PET, and SPECT

Types of Scanners

Anesthesia

Surgery

Monitoring

Scanning Procedures

Conclusion

Images Of The Various Procedures

Chapter 18 Ossabaw Island Miniature Swine Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Assessment

Introduction

Characterization Of The Model

Summary And Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 19 Swine in Cancer Research

Naturally Occurring Tumor Models In Swine

Cancer Incidence In Swine

Inherited Tumor Models: Swine Melanoma

Experimental Tumor Models In Swine

Chemically Induced Tumor Models: Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Tumor Transplant Models

Transgenic Tumor Models

References

Chapter 20 Necropsy on Research Swine

The Necropsy Report

Fixation

Preparation

Immunological Assessment

The Necropsy

Abdominal Cavity, Spleen and Pancreas, Liver, Gastrointestinal Tract, Urogenital System (Male, Female), Kidneys, and Adrenal Glands

Thoracic Cavity: Removal of Lungs, Heart, and Neck Organs

Head, Skeletal System, and Bone Marrow

Necropsy Artifacts and Background Lesions

Systemic

Nasal Cavity

Thyroid/Thymus

Liver

Kidney

Skeletal Muscle

Adipose

Reproductive Tract

Congenital

Conclusions

References

Chapter 21 Use of Swine in Biomedical Research

Introduction

Domestication of Pigs

Breeds of Pigs

Breeds of Minipigs

Use of Pigs in Early Biomedical Research

Analysis of Publications Using the Pig Model

Increased Use of Pigs in Biomedical Research

A Word about Minipigs

Conclusion

References

Appendix

Section I: Growth Charts, Nutrition, And Physiological Parameters

Section II: Hematology And Serum Chemistry

Section III: Organ Weights and Measurements

Section Iv: Reproductive Parameters

Section V: Fetal Parameters

Section VI: Animal Health And General References

General Reference Textbooks For Swine

Review Articles

Behavioral Review Articles

Web Sites

Index