Technology Design and Process Innovation in the Built Environment 1st Edition by Peter Newton, Keith Douglas Hampson, Robin Drogemuller 0415462886 9780415462884

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ISBN 10: 0415462886

ISBN 13: 9780415462884

Author: Peter Newton, Keith Douglas Hampson, Robin Drogemuller 

Buildings and infrastructure represent principal assets of any national economy as well as prime sources of environmental degradation. Making them more sustainable represents a key challenge for the construction, planning and design industries and governments at all levels; and the rapid urbanisation of the 21st century has turned this into a global challenge. This book embodies the results of a major research programme by members of the Australia Co-operative Research Centre for Construction Innovation and its global partners, presented for an international audience of construction researchers, senior professionals and advanced students. It covers four themes, applied to regeneration as well as to new build, and within the overall theme of Innovation: Sustainable Materials and Manufactures, focusing on building material products, their manufacture and assembly – and the reduction of their ecological ‘fingerprints’, the extension of their service lives, and their re-use and recyclability. It also explores the prospects for applying the principles of the assembly line. Virtual Design, Construction and Management, viewed as increasing sustainable development through automation, enhanced collaboration (such as virtual design teams), real time BL performance assessment during design, simulation of the construction process, life-cycle management of project information (zero information loss) risk minimisation, and increased potential for innovation and value adding. Integrating Design, Construction and Facility Management over the Project Life Cycle, by converging ICT, design science engineering and sustainability science. Integration across spatial scales, enabling building–infrastructure synergies (such as water and energy efficiency). Convergences between IT and design and operational processes are also viewed as a key platform increased sustainability.

Technology Design and Process Innovation in the Built Environment 1st Table of contents:

Part I Introduction

1 Transforming the built environment through construction innovation

The built environment

Significance

Key challenges

Efficiency and competitiveness

Resilience to climate change

A resource-constrained built environment

Liveability

Key transitions

The architecture, engineering, construction and operations sector

Significance

Key challenges

Building and Construction Industries Action Agenda (1999)

Facilities Management Action Agenda (2004)

Built Environment Design Professions Action Agenda (2008)

Key transitions

Innovation

Significance

Key challenges

Key transitions

Acknowledgements

Bibliography

Part II Materials

2 Future materials and performance

Clever constructions

Metals

Cement and concretes

Composite materials

Functional facades

Intelligent interiors

Conclusions

Bibliography

3 Material environmental life cycle analysis

Standard approaches

Scope and systems boundary definition

Life cycle inventory (LCI)

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)

Challenges for regionalization in LCI and LCIA software tools

Stakeholder needs and benefits

General benefits

Avoiding end-of-pipe problems

Business benefits

Corporate benefits

Misuse of LCA

Global life cycle initiatives

Australian initiatives

The building supply chain LCA

Australian timber supply chain LCI

LCI for Automated Building LCIA software

Characterizing LCA impacts by product class

Looking to the future

Conclusions

Bibliography

4 Service life prediction of building materials and components

Classes of information

Individual prediction methods

Use of code books or databases

Data-mining and expert opinion

Modelling

Dose functions and damage indexes

Process-based models

Sensory systems

Accelerated tests

Case studies

Expert opinion: Delphi survey

Application of Delphi survey to building components

Process-based models

Summary

Bibliography

5 Minimizing waste in commercial building refurbishment projects

Background issues and extent of the problem

Emerging views and attitudes

Project phases

Conceptual/planning phase

Demolition/strip-out phase

Fitout/new construction phase

Commissioning and occupation phase

Areas for future improvement

Establishing best practice guidelines and benchmark percentage rates

Problem areas

Opportunities

Conclusions

Bibliography

Part III Design

6 Building information models

Definition and background

General barriers for BIM

General drivers for BIM

State-of-the-art in the deployment of BIM

Market demand and business drivers

Current interoperable BIM technology and quality problems

Necessary future steps towards integrated BIM

Some earlier roadmaps towards integrated BIM processes

Information and communication technology

Data creation

Interoperable platforms

Simulation and analysis tools

Integrated work processes

Process development for integrated BIM

Contractual models

Procurement and logistics in integrated BIM environment

Knowledge management in integrated BIM environment

Education

Conclusions: necessary future steps to move towards the deployment of integrated BIM-based processes

Bibliography

7 Integrated design platform

Frameworks for assessment

The first-generation software

Automated Estimator

LCADesign

Design Check

Automated Scheduler

Parametric Engineering System Design at Early Design Stage

The second-generation platform

Design View

DesignSpec

Area calculations

Workflow and the design office of the future

Future work

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Bibliography

8 Understanding collaborative design in virtual environments

Studying design behaviour

DesignWorld

Collaborative 3D and 2D design environments

Communication and awareness

Experiments in DesignWorld

Create–Change

Analyse–Synthesize

Visual analysis

Manage tasks

Evaluation of collaborative behaviour in DesignWorld

Conclusions

Designers focus on designing

Designers have longer intentional segments

Designers focus on modelling

Designers create new ideas in sketches and construct in 3D

Acknowledgements

Bibliography

9 The challenges of environmental sustainability assessment

The environmental imperative

Water

Materials and waste

Energy

Towards an eco-efficient built environment

Bridging the political divide

Bridging the stakeholder divide

Bridging the property life cycle divide

Bridging the building and planning divide

Bridging the divide to renewable and recyclable resources

Bridging the as-built versus as-operated divide

Bridging the digital divide

Bridging the economic and environmental divide

Conclusions

Bibliography

10 Automated environmental assessment of buildings

LCADesign: eco-efficiency assessment tool

3D CAD objects for building and building information models

Life cycle inventory data

Linking to 3D CAD

Environmental analysis

Application of LCADesign to commercial building assessment

3D CAD modelling

Measures of environmental impact

Design alternatives

Comparisons

Conclusions

Bibliography

11 Estimating indoor air quality at design

Indoor air pollution

IAQ Estimator modelling

Emissions for selected building materials and pollutants

Emissions from operating equipment

Emissions from office furniture

Pollutants in urban air used for building ventilation

Product emission database

Particle filtering of air

Computer software

Proof of concept

Implications for industry

Acknowledgement

Bibliography

12 Designing for disassembly

Broad design themes for disassembly

A model of environmentally sustainable construction

Time-related building layers

Recycling hierarchy

Design principles for design for disassembly

Conclusions

Bibliography

13 Energy-efficient planning and design

Passive design

Regulating energy efficiency

Subdivision design

Economic benefits of energy efficiency

Energy-efficiency opportunities

Energy-efficiency costs

The future of energy-efficient planning and design

Bibliography

14 Design for urban microclimates

Assessing local meteorological data

Representing an urban environment

Calculating environmental parameters

Microclimate software

Industry trials

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Bibliography

15 Technological innovation in the provision of sustainable urban water services

The challenge of sustainable urban water in Australia

Technology as a tool for sustainable cities

Technology options for the exploration of alternative water sources

Rainwater

Stormwater

Greywater

Wastewater

Challenges of technology selection and integration

Implications of policy and technology change for management strategies

Use of energy in the water cycle

Urban metabolism and how it gives context to water supply choices

Conclusions and recommendations

Acknowledgements

Bibliography

Part IV Construction

16 Virtual design and construction

Perceptions of VDC

Model use

Timing of 3D/4D modelling

Key stakeholders involved in the 3D/4D modelling and review process

Level of detail in 3D/4D models

Effort required for the workflow of the 3D/4D modelling

VDC technologies

Technical issues underlying VDC

Facility life cycle coverage

Master planning

Parametric modelling

Integrated concurrent engineering

Collective decision assistance

4D construction planning

Design–fabrication integration

Automated field instructions

Building performance monitoring

An example of VDC: One Island East, Hong Kong

An example of VDC: Granlund

Return on investment of VDC

Adoption of VDC

Future work

Limitations of VDC methods

Leveraging knowledge from multiple disciplines

Providing multi-user interaction functionality

Comparison of models over time and across criteria

Application of VDC models

Conclusion

Bibliography

17 Internet-based construction project management

Revolution or evolution?

E-tender: friend or foe?

Handheld technology: the future is in your hands

Culture change: need or want?

Future research: where to from here?

Summary

Acknowledgements

Bibliography

18 Project diagnostics

International snapshot: project success or failure?

Industry need: what’s in it for me?

The evolution of measuring project health

Research approach: the project diagnostics roadmap

Critical success factors (CSFs)

Key performance indicators (KPIs)

Contributing factors (CFs)

Secondary performance indicators (SPIs)

Remedial measures (REMs)

Limitations to using REMs: when based on lessons learned

Implementing and monitoring REMs: for continuous improvement

The Project Diagnostic Toolkit: ensuring successful project outcomes

When to use the Project Diagnostic Toolkit

Why use the Project Diagnostic Toolkit?

Future recommendations: where to from here?

Summary

Acknowledgements

Bibliography

19 Engineering sustainable solutions through off-site manufacture

Construction: sustainable?

Financial aspects

Social aspects

Environmental aspects

Off-site manufacture

OSM in construction

Sustainability through OSM

The future for construction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Part V Facilities management and re-lifing

20 Towards sustainable facilities management

Context

Sydney Opera House FM exemplar: integrated solution for FM

Procurement

Benchmarking

Facilities management and building information modelling

Business case for BIM for facilities management

Building a BIM model

Testing the model

Interoperability with analysis engines

Links to FM databases

Providing FM information from BIM

Conclusion and future work

Acknowledgements

Bibliography

21 Life cycle modelling and design knowledge development in virtual environments

Life cycle modelling (LCM)

LCM in virtual environments

A data-mining approach to LCM

Incorporating data-mining in virtual environments for LCM

A virtual mining environment for providing dynamic decision support

The virtual mining environment interface and user scenario

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Bibliography

22 Right-sizing HVAC

What do we mean by right-sized HVAC?

Over-sized HVAC systems

Evidence of over-sizing

Right-sized HVAC systems

Causes of over-sizing

Occupancy loads

Internal loads

Temperature setpoints

Discrete design process

Overshadowing

Unknown tenants

Contractual obligations

Over-sizing in smaller buildings

Impacts of over-sizing

Component over-sizing

Energy consumption

Maximum electrical demand

Capital cost

Thermal comfort

Case study

Building description

Air handling plant

Refrigeration plant

Heating plant

Other air conditioning systems

Extent of over-sizing

Impacts

Right-sizing recommendations

Challenge ‘rules of thumb’

Accurate load estimation

Dynamic calculation methods

Systems approach

Design for flexibility

Separate high-load areas

Integrated design process

Recognize the value of design

Commissioning and maintenance

Life cycle cost analysis

Conclusion

Bibliography

23 Evaluating the impact of sustainability on investment property performance

Evaluating sustainability in property performance

The environmental and social benchmarks

Triple bottom line evaluations: current literature

Evaluating the impact of environmental and social measures

Case study

Conclusions and recommendations

Bibliography

24 Estimating residual service life of commercial buildings

Residual service life and deterioration modelling

Assessment of condition of building assets

Specific methods covering estimation of residual service life

ISO factorial (ISO 2001)

MEDIC method

Bamforth method

Discrete-time Markov chain

Application of existing methods to a case-study building

Description of the case-study building

RSL of case-study building facade and north walls using ISO factorial method

Estimation of reference service life

Preliminary estimates of RSL based on ISO factorial method

Rigorous estimates of RSL based on probability distributions of factors in the ISO method

RSL estimates of case-study building facade and walls based on the MEDIC method

RSL estimates using the discrete Markov chain

Comparison of residual service life estimates with expert opinions

Conclusion: proposed method for estimating residual service life

Bibliography

25 Indoor environment quality and occupant productivity in office buildings

Buildings, IEQ and productivity

Productivity assessment

Productivity enhancers in buildings

Good IEQ

User control

Furniture and equipment

Flexible workspace layout

Positive psychosocial features

Access to daylight and views of indoor and outdoor nature

Aesthetics

Productivity inhibitors in buildings

Noise distractions and interruptions

Visual distractions

High workstation density

Poor IEQ

Indoor air quality

Impact of IAQ on productivity

Opportunities for improving air quality

Thermal environment

Impact of thermal environment on productivity

Opportunities for improving thermal comfort

Acoustic environment

Impact of acoustic environment on productivity

Opportunities for improving acoustic environment

Luminous and visual environment

Impact of luminous and visual environment on productivity

Opportunities for improving performance of luminous and visual environment

Case study: CH2

Building description

Productivity of CH2 occupants

Acknowledgements

Bibliography

Part VI Innovation

26 Effectively diffusing innovation through knowledge management

The nature of innovation and creativity

Knowledge management and being a learning organization

A model KM initiative that fosters innovation diffusion

Conclusions

Bibliography

27 The business case for sustainable commercial buildings

Definition of a sustainable commercial building

Definition of a business case

The business case for sustainable commericial buildings

Consideration of profit and value

Your Building business case module – four fundamental questions

Sustainable commercial buildings and profit

Example 1: value driver – improved indoor environment quality

Lower churn

Increased ability to attract and retain employees

Improved occupant productivity

Sustainable commercial buildings and business continuity

Example 2: value driver – improved corporate profile and community relations

Living corporate values through the building asset

Enhanced marketability and publicity

Sustainable commercial buildings and risk

Example 3: value driver – future-proofing

Sustainable commercial buildings and personal values and beliefs

Example 4: value driver: ability to attract and retain employees

Barriers to a sound business case

Lack of understanding and knowledge across industry groups

Perceptions of additional costs

Deficient valuation techniques

Lack of hard data

Future directions for the sustainable building business case

Conclusion

Bibliography

28 Innovation drivers for the built environment

Background

The research study

Survey

Case studies

Drivers of construction innovation in Australia

Agents of innovation

Role of clients

Crises-driven innovation

The business environment

Sources of innovation

Conclusions

Bibliography

29 Seeking innovation

The new technologies

Innovation in management: dissolving the interfaces

Innovation: the technological support

Innovation: the shift to public participation and democratic responsibility

Summary

Are we at a watershed or tipping point which is similar to the Age of Enlightenment?

Is there a focus for research which might transform our industry?

Is there innovative thinking that we can identify which might provide the transformation?

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